2-2, Muscle Embryology Usman Year One Glasgow Uni

Front 1

The characteristic event that happens during week three of development is called?

Back 1

gastrulation

Front 2

Which of the following are derived from ectoderm?

Adrenal cortex

Connective tissue

Gonads

Peripheral nervous system

Thyroid gland

Back 2

Peripheral nervous system

Front 3

Which of the following are derived from endoderm?

Dermis of the skin

Epithelial lining of the rectum

Epithelial lining of the lungs

Epithelium of the pituitary gland

Lymphaticsystem

Back 3

Epithelial lining of the lungs

Front 4

Which of the following are derived from mesoderm?

Adrenal medulla

Lens of the eye

Muscular system

Parathyroidgland

Skin glands

Back 4

muscular system

Front 5

Which of these muscles is not made from mesoderm?

• Cardiac muscle
• Intercostal muscle
• Smooth muscle of the uterus
• Muscle tissue in the sweat glands

Back 5

muscle tissue in sweat glands

Front 6

Which region of the mesoderm will form serous membranes around organs?

• Intermediate

• Paraxial

• Parietal

• Visceral

Back 6

parietal

Front 7

Which of the following genes is responsible for skeletal muscle differentiation from the mesoderm?

• MyoD

• MEF-2

• SRF
• TGF-β

Back 7

MyoD

Front 8

From which type of mesoderm does cardiac muscle originate from?

• Extra-embryonic
• Intermediate
• Paraxial mesoderm
• Parietal layer of the lateral plate mesoderm

• Visceral layer of the lateral plate mesoderm

Back 8

visceral layer of lateral plate of mesoderm

Front 9

during what phase are the 3 essential germ layers (mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm) formed

Back 9

gastrulation

Front 10

what tissue and parts of the body are derived from the ectoderm

Back 10

Front 11

what tissue and parts of the body are derived from the mesoderm

Back 11

Front 12

what tissue and parts of the body are derived from the endoderm

Back 12

Front 13

once the mesoderm layer is found, what sections does it divide into

Back 13

n= notochord
pm= paraxial mesoderm
im= intermediate mesoderm lpm= lateral plate mesoderm eem= extraembryonic mesoderm

Front 14

during what days does mesoderm differentiation take place and what mesodermic structures are formed during this period

Back 14

days 17-21

paraxial intermediate and lateral plate of mesoderm are formed

Front 15

what portion of the mesoderm forms the somites

Back 15

paraxial mesoderm

Front 16

what part of the body does the intermediate mesoderm form

Back 16

the genitourinary system (GU)

Front 17

the lateral plate mesoderm is split into 2 layers by a cavity

1) what is the name of this cavity

2) name the 2 parts of the lateral plate mesoderm

Back 17

1) coleom

2) 2 parts of lateral plate:

-Somatic/parietal layer

-Splanchnic/visceral laye

Front 18

on the following diagram identify the parietal/somatic and visceral/splanchnic layers of the lateral plate of the mesoderm

Back 18

Front 19

where does skeletal muscle originate from

Back 19

the paraxial mesoderm

Front 20

from where does smooth muscle originate

Back 20

visceral/sphlanchnic layer of lateral plate of mesoderm

around the gut tube

Front 21

from where does the cardiac muscle originate

Back 21

visceral/sphlanchnic layer of lateral plate of mesoderm

around the heart tube

Front 22

the paraxial mesoderm gets organised into segments, what are these segments called

Back 22

somitomeres

Front 23

what is the formation of somites known as

Back 23

somitogenesis

Front 24

next to what structure do the somitomeres form

Back 24

the ​neural tube (becomes spinal cord?)

Front 25

how many somitomeres form per day until week 5 and why is this medically relevant

Back 25

3 pairs of somitomeres form per day until week 5

this is medically relevant because it can be used to accurately determine the age of the embryo

Front 26

by the end of the 5th week, 42-44 pairs of the somites are present, what are these?

Back 26

– 4 occipital

– 8 cervical

– 12 thoracic

– 5 sacral

– 5-7 coccygeal

Front 27

what are the 2 genes which are expressed to regulate the formation of somites in an "oscillating pattern"

Back 27

NOTCH and WNT, NOTCH then accumulates in pre-somitic mesoderm

Front 28

which gene is expressed cranially during the formation of the somites

Back 28

retinoic acid

Front 29

which genes are expressed caudally (posterior/tail of body) during the formation of the somites

Back 29

FGF8 and WNT3a

Front 30

how is notch activity controlled

Back 30

through overlapping gradients (of genes being expressed?)

Front 31

what part of the somite forms the vertebra and ribs

Back 31

sclerotome

Front 32

what part of the somite of the paraxial mesoderm forms the dermis of the back

Back 32

the dermatome of the somite

Front 33

what part of the somite of the paraxial mesoderm forms majority of the bodies musculature

Back 33

the myotome

Front 34

which 2 signalling molecules induce sclerotome formation

Back 34

sonic hedgehog and noggin

Front 35

what 2 proteins combine to activate MYOD

Back 35

WNT (activating)

BMP (inhibitory)

MYOD is activated, creating a group of precursor muscle cells which express MYF5

Front 36

what is the role of MYOD / MYF5 (myogenic regulatory factors)

Back 36

they activate muscle specific genes

and they can also convert non-muscle cells to muscle cells

Front 37

what factor is responsible for cardiac muscle differentiation

Back 37

Serum response factor (SRF)

Front 38

Serum response factor is upregulated by what kind of pathways

Back 38

kinase phosphorylation pathways

Front 39

what enhances serum response factor activity levels

Back 39

Myocardin/

Myocardin related transcription factors

is a transcriptional cofactor of SRF levels

Front 40

myoblasts are muscle precursors, when they fuse together, they form long, multi-nucleated fibres, what are these fibres called?

Back 40

myotubes

Front 41

the formation of long mult-nucleated fibres called myotubes (in skeletal muscle) are under control of what 3 gene sets

Back 41

the 3 MYs:

– MYOD

– Myf5
– Myogenin

Front 42

where are tendons derived from in embryos and under what transcription factor are they controlled

Back 42

SCLERAXIS

Front 43

in embryonic cardiac muscle, how do myoblasts adhere to each other

Back 43

via intercalated discs

Front 44

lack of/ mutations in which human homolog can lead to serious heart defects

Back 44

NKX2.5