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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 5 characteristics of inflammation |
rubor - redness calor - heat tumor - swelling dollor - pain functio laesa - loss of function |
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what does it mean if something is septic e.g. septic arthiritis |
(chiefly of a wound or a part of the body) infected with bacteria: his feet had gone septic. |
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what are the characteristics of septic arthritis in terms of bacteria |
Staphylococcus aureus Secreted enzymes toxins Rapid reproduction Tissue destruction |
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what is the response of neutrophils to bacteria |
neutrophils hold an arsenal of anti-bacterial factors |
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how do neutrophils get from the blood stream to the site where they are needed |
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what is the process called by which a neutrophil will cross the blood vessel wall to get to the site of infection |
diapedesis |
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neutrophils are an important component of the innate immune system, what conditions are required for neutrophils to work |
-Detection of the threat – bacteria -Response – make more neutrophils -Response – get the neutrophils to the site of infection |
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how does the body recognise a pathogen |
through the PRR (pattern recognition receptor) |
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what do pathogens possess which allows the innate immune system to recognise them |
PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) |
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what event actually initiates the response in the immune system to a pathogen |
when the receptor interacts with a ligand |
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what is the body's response to infection |
Increased production of neutrophils from the bone marrow Stimulating factors: Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) Increase in numbers of circulating neutrophils |
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what is the significance of an increased neutrophil count in terms of clinical testing |
the neutrophil count can easily be detected in a blood test |
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what is a chemokine |
any of a class of cytokines with functions that include attracting white blood cells to sites of infection. |
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what receptor is present on a neutrophil which is not present on an eosinophil or other white blood cells |
IL-8 receptor which can then |
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how does complement aid neutrophils in ingesting bacteria |
Activation of one component leads to the activation of the next and so on |
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how does activation of the complement system occur |
through proteolysis
(the breakdown of proteins or peptides into amino acids by the action of enzymes) |
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what are the 3 pathways for the complement system |
classical pathway alternative pathway lectin pathway |
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what is the classical pathway activated by |
-The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin in an antibody/antigen complex -Alternatively also by enzymes (e.g. trypsin & plasmin) -endotoxin, cell membranes and viruses can also activate it |
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what is the alternative pathway stimulated by |
-does not depend on an antigen/antibody reaction in order to become active -biological activators include the following: -bacterial endotoxins -yeast cell walls -aggregated immunoglobulins -snake venom |
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what activates the lectin pathway of the complement system |
the activation of the lectin pathway is dependent on the binding of a lectin to mannose on the surface of a pathogen |
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what is the membrane attack complex (MAC) also known as |
Terminal Complement Complex (TCC) |
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how does the presence of the MAC lead to cell lysis |
the MAC is inserted into the cell membrane this leads to the movement of water and ions across the cell membrane ultimately this leads to cell lysis |
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which activated complement component does bacteria have which neutrophils have the receptor for |
C3b neutrophils have C3b receptor |
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when the C3b activated complement component on the bacteria and the C3b receptor on the surface of the neutrophil come together, what process occurs |
opsonisation
make (a foreign cell) more susceptible to phagocytosis |
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how can microbes evade the acquired immune system |
by altering any specific features that are recognised by the acquired immune system |
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in mammals where do lymphocytes develop |
in bone marrow |
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one B cell makes how many specific antibodies? |
1 |
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what of particular significance is found within lymph nodes |
millions of leukocytes |
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Since there are millions of B cells each making different antibodies........ How does the body make lots of the one that will react with the infecting bacterium? |
If one B cell recognises its particular target it will begin to proliferate |
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through what do cells and lymph leave the lymph nodes to return to the blood |
through lymphatics |
