Cognitive Psychology Test 3

Front 1

Abstraction

Back 1

Is a memory process that stores the meaning of a message, rather than the exact words.

Front 2

ACT R

Back 2

Adapative Control of Thoughts Rational. Attempts to account for a wide variety of tasks.

Front 3

Basic Level Categories

Back 3

Are moderately specific.

Front 4

Boundary Extension

Back 4

Refers to our tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of a scene than was actually shown.

Front 5

Category

Back 5

Set of objects that belong together.

Front 6

Concept

Back 6

To refer to your mental representations of a category.

Front 7

Connection Weights

Back 7

Determine how much activation one unit can pass on to another unit.

Front 8

Constructive Model of Memory

Back 8

People integrade information from indivdual sentences in order to construct larger ideas.

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Declaration Knowledge

Back 9

Knowledge about facts or things.

Front 10

Default Assignment

Back 10

Based on information from other similar people or objects.

Front 11

Episodic Memory

Back 11

Which contains information about events that happen to us.

Front 12

Event Related Potential Technique

Back 12

Records tiny fluctuations in the brain's electrical activity in response to a stimulus.

Front 13

Exemplar Approach

Back 13

Argues that we learn information about some specific examples of concept.

Front 14

Explicit Memory Task

Back 14

Directly instructs partcipants to remember information.

Front 15

False Alarm

Back 15

Occurs when people "remember" an item that was not originally presented.

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Family Resemblance

Back 16

No single attribute is shared by all examples of concept;however, each example has at least one attribute in common wit some other example of concept.

Front 17

Gender Stereotypes

Back 17

Are the beliefs and opinions that we associate with females and males.

Front 18

Graceful Degradation

Back 18

The brain's ability to provide partial memory.

Front 19

Graded Structure

Back 19

Begins with the most representative or prototypical members, and it continues on through the category's nonprototypical members.

Front 20

Heuristic

Back 20

Which is a general rule that is typically accurate.

Front 21

Implicit Association Test

Back 21

Is based on the principle that people can mentally pair two related words together much more easily than they can pair two unrelated words.

Front 22

Implicit Memory Task

Back 22

Asks people to perform a cognitive task that does not directly ask for recall or recognition.

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Life Script

Back 23

Is a list of events that a person believes would be most important throughout his or her lifetime.

Front 24

Memory Integration

Back 24

Our background knowledge encourages us to take in new information in a schema consistent fashion.

Front 25

Network Models

Back 25

Of semantic memory propose a netlike organization of concepts in memory, with numerous interconnections.

Front 26

Node

Back 26

One unit located within the network.

Front 27

Parallel Distributed Processing Approach

Back 27

Approach proposes that cognitive processes can be represented by a model in which activation flows through networks that link together a large number of simple, neuron like units.

Front 28

Pragmatic View of Memory

Back 28

Proposes that people pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to their current goals.

Front 29

Proposition

Back 29

Is the smallest unit of knowledge that people can judge to be either true or false.

Front 30

Propostional Network

Back 30

Which is a pattern of interconnected propositions.

Front 31

Prototype

Back 31

Is the item that is the best, most typical example of a category.

Front 32

Prototype Approach

Back 32

You decide whether a particular item belongs to a category by comparing this item with a prototype.

Front 33

Prototypicality

Back 33

The degree to which they are representative of their category.

Front 34

Schema

Back 34

Generalized, well integrated knowledge about a situation, an event, or a person.

Front 35

Schema Therapy

Back 35

The clincian and the client may work together in order to explore the client's core beliefs and create appropriate new stratgies.

Front 36

Script

Back 36

Is a simple, well structured sequence of events in a specific order, this script is associated with a highly familiar activity.

Front 37

Semantic Memory

Back 37

Is your organized knowledge about the world.

Front 38

Semantic Priming Effect

Back 38

Means that people respond faster to an item if it was preceded by an item with similar meaning.

Front 39

Situated Cogniton Approach

Back 39

We make use of information in the immediate enviroment or situation.

Front 40

Spontaneous Generalization

Back 40

By using individual cases to draw inferences about general information/

Front 41

Spreading Activation

Back 41

The activation expands or spreads from the nodes to another connected node.

Front 42

Subordinate Level Categories

Back 42

Refer to lower lovel or more specific categories.

Front 43

Superordinate-Level Categories

Back 43

Higher level or more general categories.

Front 44

Typically Effect

Back 44

Occurs when people judge typical items, faster than items that are not typical.

Front 45

Validty

Back 45

Its ability to predict a person's performance in another situation.

Front 46

Verbatim Memory

Back 46

Even a few minutes after a passage has been presented, people have poor word for word recall.

Front 47

90 Degree Angle Heuristic

Back 47

They represent angles in a mental map as being closer to 90 degrees than they really are.

Front 48

Alignment Heuristic

Back 48

A series of separate geographic structures will be remembered as being more lined up than they really are.

Front 49

Analog Code

Back 49

A representation that closely resembles the physical object.

Front 50

Auditory Imagery

Back 50

Which is the mental representation of auditory stimuli.

Front 51

Border Bias

Back 51

People estimate that the distance between two specfic locations is larger if they are on different sides of a geographic border.

Front 52

Cognitve Map

Back 52

Is a mental representation of geographic information, including the environment that surrounds us.

Front 53

Demand Characteristics

Back 53

Are all the cues that might convey the experimenter's hypothesis to the partcipant.

Front 54

Experimenter Expectancy

Back 54

The researchers biases and expectations influence the outcomes of the experiment.

Front 55

Heuistic

Back 55

Is a general problem solving strategy that usually produces a correct solution but not always.

Front 56

Imagery Debate

Back 56

To refer to an important controversy.

Front 57

Landmark effect

Back 57

Which is the general tendency to provide shorter estimates when traveling to a landmark an important geographical location rather than a nonlandmark.

Front 58

Mental Imagery

Back 58

The mental representation of stimuli when those stimuli are not physically present.

Front 59

Meta Analysis

Back 59

Is a statistical method for combining numerous studies on a single topic.

Front 60

Perception

Back 60

Uses previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses.

Front 61

Pitch

Back 61

Is a characteristic of a sound stimulus that can be arranged on a scale from low to high.

Front 62

Propositional Code

Back 62

Is an abstract, language-like representation; storage is neither visual nor spatial and it does not physically resemble the original stimulus.

Front 63

Rotation Heuristic

Back 63

A figure that is slightly tilted will be remembered as being either more vertical or more horizontal than it really is.

Front 64

Situated Cognition Approach

Back 64

We make use of helpful information in the immediate environment or situation. Therefore our knowledge depends on the context that surrounds us.

Front 65

Spatial Cognition

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Primarily refers to three cognitive activities1-Our thoughts about cognitive maps.2-How we remember the world we navigate3-How we keep track of objects in a spatial array

Front 66

Spatial Framework Model

Back 66

Emphasizes that the above below spatial dimension is especially important in our thinking, the front back dimension is moderately important, and the right left dimension is least important.

Front 67

STEM Disciplines

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Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

Front 68

Symmetry Heuristic

Back 68

We remember figures as being more symmetrical and regular than they truly are.

Front 69

Timbre

Back 69

Describes the sound quality of a tone. (Happy Birthday song)

Front 70

Visual Imagery

Back 70

The mental representation of visual stimuli.

Front 71

Describe the Brewer and Tyens experiment

Back 71

They asked particpants in their study to wait , one at a time, in the room pictured in the demonstration. Each time the experimentor explained that this was his office, and he needed to check the lab to see if the previous participant had completed the experiment. After 35 seconds the experimentor asked the participant to move to a nearby room. Then the experimentor asked each participant to remember everything in the room. People remembered things of the office schema.

Front 72

Mental Rotation of Objects

Back 72

RT to decide increased linerarly with the amount of rotation.
Mental images preserve spatial info in 3D.
Important study leading the shift to working memory.

Front 73

Hierarchical Semantic Network

Back 73

1-Information is stored in categories.
2-Categories are logically related to each other in a hierarachy: Broad categories of info, like "animal" are subdivided into narrower categories like bird and fish which in turn are subdivided into narrower categories
3-Cognitive Economy.

Front 74

Associative Network

Back 74

You cannot store memories that are similar to each other because if you have slightly corrupted version of one or two similar memories, then you can easily end up in the other one.
Also means that even if the stored memories are not similar to eachother there will be other memories in between.

Front 75

Distributed Representation

Back 75

In the mind and the brain.

-On and off values
*form a pattern of activation.

Front 76

Local Representation

Back 76

Nodes have semantic content, concepts.

Front 77

Connectionist Models

Back 77

Computational model of memory.
Numbers, equations, programming code.

Structure:
Several layers of unit
Links Between units are massively connected
local or distributed representations

Front 78

Dual Coding Hypothesis

Back 78

(Paivio 1971)
High imagery words can be coded as both words and images.
More pathways at retrieval.
Either code can access the info.
Redundancy.

Front 79

Gender Differences for mental imagery

Back 79

Most gender differences in cog ability are small. Verbal and Mathematical.
Males as a group excel in spatial tasks.
Mental maps
Complex Bases
Biological and hormone differences.

Front 80

What is spreading Activation? How is related to sematic priming?

Back 80

The activation expands or spreads from the nodes to another connected node. This is related to semantic priming the prime and the target are from the same semantic category and share features. For example, the word dog is a semantic prime for wolf, because the two are both similar animals.

Front 81

Consider a sentence verification task. Explain how the time taken to verify whether a sentence is true or false relates to the length of the pathways between the elements of the proposition. Provide and describe two examples where one sentence has a shorter pathway, and the other a longer pathway.

Back 81

In a sentence verification task the time taken to verify whether a sentence is true or false relates to the pathways between elements of the proposition because each part of a sentence can be represented by nodes and the links are represented by arrows. An example in the text that is a shorter pathway is "The cat is white." An example of a longer pathway could be a combination of small sentences such as "Susan gave a white cat to Mara, who is the president of the club." Because this sentence has so much more too it the network would branch out more than a sentence as simple as "The cat is white."

Front 82

List and describe two major differences between an associative memory network and a connectionist network of memory. Consider both the structure of the model and the way it processes information (retrieval from memory)

Back 82

Connectionist^^

Front 83

What is a schema? Describe what functions is has for semantic memory. Provide one example of a schema as part of your dicussion.

Back 83

A schema is a generalized, well integrated knowledge about a situation, an event, or a person. It often influences the way we understand a situation or an event, and what we can think of them as basic building blocks for representing our thoughts about other people. This relates to semantic memory because they emphasize the active nature of our cognitive processes. An event that happens and we immediately try to think how the event is related to the established schema. One example of a schema is a little girl has a schema for what a horse is, big animal four legs etc. And when she sees a cow the cow will meet some of her critera for the horse schema, until someone informs her they are different and her schema becomes more specific.

Front 84

Describe one piece of evidence showing that our mental presentations can be analog in format. Be sure to describe or define what you mean by analog. You can use an experiment from lecture, or your own example.

Back 84

Analog code is believed to be when the mental object closely resembles the physical object. One piece of evidence that shows how mental presentations can be analog in format is image scanning. Image scanning is defined as The time to mentally scan the image corresponded to the distance on the map.
Mental images tend to preserve the spatial layout and geometry of the represented scene. An example in lecture is when we were told to look at the map on the screen and try to remember where things were in relation to other things on the map.

Front 85

Cognitive Maps usually correspond with reality, but sometimes show systematic distortions. Define and describe two kinds of distoritions or memory errors people have with their cognitive maps. Be sure to explain what information is distored and how.

Back 85

One kind of distortion or memory error people have with cognitive maps is the landmark effect. This is when you have a general tendency to provide shorter estimates when traveling to a landmark. This information can be distorted because people will measure a shorter distance from important landmarks, versus unimportant. Another distortion or memory error is rotation heuristic. This is when a figure that is slightly tilted will be remember as being either more vertical or more horizontal than it really is. An Generalized, well integrated knowledge about a situation, an event, or a person. example that shows that this can cause distortion is when looking at the cognitive map of California we make the orientation more vertical by rotating the coastline.

Front 86

Image Scanning

Back 86

Memorize the Map.
The time to mentally scan the image corresponded to the distance on the map.
Mental images tend to preserve the spatial layout and geometry of the represented scene.

Front 87

Interference

Back 87

Occurs between imagery and Perception.
Vison-Visual Imagery
Motor Movement-Motor Image

Front 88

Cognitive Economy

Back 88

Information stores at one level of the hierarchy is not repeated at the other levels of .
A fact is stored at the highest level to which it applies.
For example the fact that birds breathe is stored in the ANIMAL category, not the bird category.

Front 89

Sentence verification task

Back 89

measures latency to respond to a sentence ("a canary is a bird"). The idea is that latency reflects organization