Cognitive Psychology Test 3

Front 1

Memory for dated events in a person's life. This type of memory is a type of episodic memory.

Back 1

Autobiographical memory

Front 2

An explanation for the reminiscence bump, which states that memories are better for adolescence and early adulthood because encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability.

Back 2

Cognitive hypothesis

Front 3

The creation of outlandish false memories. These are associated with damage to the prefrontal, and sometimes temporal, lobes.

Back 3

Confabulations

Front 4

An event that has important consequences for a person's life. It has been hypothesized that this quality is a characteristic of events that become flashbulb memories.

Back 4

Consequentiality

Front 5

The tendency for people to perceive their basic attitudes and behaviors as remaining fairly consistent over time. This bias can affect people's memory for events in their lives.

Back 5

Consistency Bias

Front 6

The idea that what people report as memories are constructed by the person based on what actually happened plus additional factors, such as expectations, other knowledge, and other life experiences.

Back 6

Constructive Approach to Memory

Front 7

The tendency for people to see themselves in the best possible light. This bias can affect people's memory for events in their lives.

Back 7

Egocentric bias

Front 8

As proposed by Conway, individual events in a person's life that happen on a time scale of minutes or hours.

Back 8

Event-specific knowledge

Front 9

Testimony by eyewitnesses to a crime about what they saw during commission of the crime.

Back 9

Eyewitness testimony

Front 10

Memories of emotionally charged or especially memorable events that have been claimed to be particularly vivid and accurate.

Back 10

Flashbulb Memories

Front 11

As proposed by Conway, events in a person's life that happens over days, weeks, or months

Back 11

General Events

Front 12

The process by which people reach conclusions based on incomplete or partial information.

Back 12

Inference

Front 13

An explanation for the reminiscence bump, which states that memories are better for adolescence and early adulthood because people assume their life identities during that time.

Back 13

Life-narrative hypothesis

Front 14

As proposed by Conway, events in a person's life that span many years.

Back 14

Lifetime periods

Front 15

The explanation of the misinformation effect that states that misleading postevent information impairs or replaces the memories that were formed during the original experiencing of an event.

Back 15

Memory Impairment Hypothesis

Front 16

Occurs when misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how that person describes the event later.

Back 16

Misinformation effect

Front 17

The misleading information that causes the misinformation effect.

Back 17

Misleading postevent information (MPI)

Front 18

The idea that we remember some life events better because we rehearse them. This idea was proposed by Neisser as an explanation for "flashbulb" memories.

Back 18

Narrative rehearsal hypothesis

Front 19

The tendency for people to perceive that 'things are getting better.'

Back 19

Positive-change bias

Front 20

A term used to refer to the situation in which memories of traumatic experiences, such as childhood abuse, are recalled after many years during which the person was not aware of these memories. The idea that these memories are repressed due to a special mechanism is controversial; many psychologists interpret this effect in terms of normal mechanisms of forgetting and remembering. What kind of memories are these?

Back 20

Recovered memory

Front 21

The empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced memory for events from adolescence and early adulthood, compared to other periods of their lives.

Back 21

Reminiscence bump

Front 22

A method of measuring memory in which a person recalls a stimulus on repeated occasions so his or her memory is tested at longer and longer intervals after the original presentation of the material to be remembered.

Back 22

Repeated reproduction

Front 23

A person's knowledge about what is involved in a particular experience. For example, a person's knowledge about what usually is inside a dentist's office.

Back 23

Schema

Front 24

A type of schema. The conception of the sequence of actions that describe a particular activity. For example, the sequence of events that are associated with going to class would be a 'going to class'

Back 24

Script

Front 25

Errors of source monitoring in which people attribute something they remember to the wrong source.

Back 25

Source Misattribution

Front 26

The process by which people determine the origins of memories, knowledge, or beliefs. Remembering that you heard about something from a particular person

Back 26

Source Monitoring

Front 27

A situation that occurs in which eyewitnesses to a crime tend to focus attention on a weapon, which causes poorer memory for other things that are happening.

Back 27

Weapons focus

Front 28

In Rosch's categorization scheme, the level below the superordinate level that would correspond to table or chair for the superordinate category of furniture. According to Rosch, this level is psychologically special because it is the level above which much information is lost and below which little is gained.

Back 28

Basic level

Front 29

The process by which objects are placed in categories.

Back 29

Categorization

Front 30

Groups of objects that belong together because they belong to the same class of objects, such as "houses," "furniture," or "schools."

Back 30

Category

Front 31

A feature of some semantic network models in which properties of a category that are shared by many members of a category are stored at a higher-level node in the network. For example, the property can fly would be stored at the node for bird rather than at the node for canary.

Back 31

Cognitive economy

Front 32

A mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language. An example of a concept would be the way a person mentally represents "cat" or "house."

Back 32

Concept or Node

Front 33

The idea that we can decide if something is member of a category by determining whether the object meets the definition of the category.

Back 33

Definitional approach to categorization

Front 34

In categorization, members of a category that a person has experienced in the past.

Back 34

Exemplar

Front 35

The approach to categorization in which members of a category are judged against exemplars, which are examples of members of the category that the person has encountered in the past.

Back 35

Exemplar approach to categorization

Front 36

In considering the process of categorization, the idea of __________ states that things in a particular category resemble each other in a number of ways.

Back 36

Family resemblance

Front 37

Organization of categories in which larger, more general categories are divided into smaller, more specific categories. These smaller categories can, in turn, be divided into even more specific categories to create a number of levels.

Back 37

Hierarchical organization

Front 38

A category member that closely resembles the category prototype. "A sparrow is a bird"

Back 38

High Prototypicality

Front 39

A procedure in which a person is asked to decide as quickly as possible, whether a particular stimulus is a word or a nonword.

Back 39

Lexical-decision task

Front 40

A category member that does not resemble the category prototype. "A penguin is a bird."

Back 40

Low Prototypicality

Front 41

A standard used in categorization that is formed by averaging the category members a person has encountered in the past.

Back 41

Prototype

Front 42

This approach to categorization which is the idea that we decide whether something is a member of a category by determining whether it is similar to a standard representation of the category called a prototype.

Back 42

Prototype approach to categorization

Front 43

The degree to which a particular member of a category matches the prototype for that category.

Back 43

Prototypicality

Front 44

The approach to concepts in which concepts are arranged in networks that represent the way the concepts are organized in the mind.

Back 44

Semantic network approach

Front 45

A technique in which the participant is asked to indicate whether or not a particular sentence is true or false. For example, sentences like "an apple is a fruit" have been used in studies on categorization.

Back 45

Sentence-verification technique

Front 46

Activity that spreads out along any link in a network that is connected to an activated node.

Back 46

Spreading activation

Front 47

The level in Rosch's categorization scheme that is a level below the basic level, and so would correspond to kitchen table for the basic category of table.

Back 47

Subordinate Level

Front 48

The highest level in Rosch's categorization scheme that corresponds to general categories such as furniture or vehicles.

Back 48

Superordinate Level

Front 49

The ability to judge the truth or falsity of sentences involving high-prototypical members of a category more rapidly than sentences involving low-prototypical members of a category.

Back 49

Typicality effect

Front 50

A condition associated with brain damage in which a person can see an object but cannot name the object.

Back 50

Visual agnosia

Front 51

A hypothesis associated with Paivio's dual coding theory that states that concrete nouns create images that other words can hang onto, and that this enhances memory for these words.

Back 51

Conceptual-peg hypothesis

Front 52

Corresponds to spatial representation. So called because a spatial representation can be depicted by a picture.

Back 52

Depictive representation

Front 53

A theory proposed by Paivio that memory is served by two systems, one that is specialized for verbal stimuli, and the other that is specialized for objects and events that are represented non-verbally.

Back 53

Dual-coding theory

Front 54

A phenomenon that accompanies a mechanism, but is not actually part of the mechanism. An example of this is lights that flash on a mainframe computer as it operates.

Back 54

epiphenomenon

Front 55

A procedure in which a person creates a mental image and then scans the image in his or her mind.

Back 55

Image scanning

Front 56

The debate about whether thought was possible in the absence of images.

Back 56

Imageless-thought debate

Front 57

The debate about whether imagery is based on spatial mechanisms such as those involved in perception, or on propositional mechanisms that are related to language.

Back 57

Imagery debate

Front 58

A type of category-specific neuron is activated by imagery.

Back 58

Imagery neurons

Front 59

Part of the visuospatial sketch pad in the updated version of the working memory model that is responsible that for manipulating images that are in the visual buffer.

Back 59

Inner Scribe

Front 60

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Back 60

Mental imagery

Front 61

A process in which patterns are created by manipulating mental images.

Back 61

Mental synthesis

Front 62

A task used in imagery experiments in which participants are asked to form a mental image of an object and to imagine that they are walking toward this mental image.

Back 62

Mental-walk task

Front 63

A method for remembering things in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout.

Back 63

Method of loci

Front 64

Learning that occurs when a participant is presented with pairs of words during a study period and then is tested when one of the words is presented and the task is to recall the other word.

Back 64

Paired-associate learning

Front 65

A method for remembering things in which the things to be remembered are associated with concrete words.

Back 65

Pegword technique

Front 66

A representation in which relationships are represented by symbols, as when the words of language represent objects and the relationships between objects.

Back 66

Propositional representation

Front 67

A representation in which different parts of an image can be described as corresponding to specific locations in space.

Back 67

Spatial representation

Front 68

An explanation proposed to account for the results of some imagery experiments that states that participants unconsciously use knowledge about the world in making their judgments. This explanation has been used as one of the arguments against describing imagery as a depictive or spatial representation.

Back 68

Tacit-knowledge explanation

Front 69

Part of the visuospatial sketch pad in the updated version of the working memory model, which is responsible for our conscious experience of images

Back 69

Visual buffer

Front 70

A type of mental imagery involving vision, in which an image is experienced in the absence of a visual stimulus.

Back 70

Visual imagery

Front 71

War of Ghosts Experiment, What did the canoes and seal hunting become?

Back 71

Boats and sailing expedition

Front 72

War of Ghosts: What happened to the stories and what can be interpreted?

Back 72

Stories got shorter, and we recognize culture as having a major effect on memory construction

Front 73

A special memory mechanism that acts like a camera to record details in certain emotional situations.

Back 73

Now Print

Front 74

Challenger Disaster: What did they report 1 day after and 2.5 years after?

Back 74

Day After Disaster: 20% of people reported they first heard about it on the television. 2 ½ Years Later: 45% of people claimed they heard about it on television.

Front 75

Kathy Pezdek: 09/11 Interviews with HW, CA, NY: On 09/11 did you see the video of the first plane hit the tower?

Back 75

75% Recall yes (false memory)

Front 76

Car Crash Experiment: What were the two groups, and what were the results?

Back 76

Bumped Group: 30mph. Smashed said 40. Smashed was also likely to see broken glass.

Front 77

You see the original information, then external information goes into the memory (smash), then new memory forms with both. The original memory is replaced or altered by the new memory. MPI replaced memories that formed during the event.

Back 77

Memory Impairment Hypothesis

Front 78

Stolen Calculater experiment. There was an MPI group and Control group. What tool did they claim they saw the mechanic put the stolen calculator under and what did this show?

Back 78

75% of both groups picked hammer, and this showed the memory impairment hypothesis to be false.

Front 79

Lost in a Mall Study. How many participants had full or partial memory of the fabricated event and what did this show?

Back 79

6 and it showed that entire false memories can be implanted through suggestion.

Front 80

Specific characteristics of concepts or nodes

Back 80

Properties

Front 81

Out of these 2 sentences, which was verified faster and why?

A canary is a bird. A canary is an animal

Back 81

A canary is a bird was faster because it was only 1 node away.

Front 82

High frequency terms verified faster than low frequency terms. A dog is an animal is faster than A dog is a mammal.

Back 82

Familiarity effect

Front 83

Not all members of a category are typical. Some have a lower degree of association. Canary is more typically thought of for bird, in comparison to penguin which is not.

Back 83

Typicallity Effects

Front 84

In semantic memory each concept has a list of features which defines the concept. The retrieval of a concept is based upon the overlap of these features.

Back 84

Feature overlap model

Front 85

Feature Overlap Model. These are essential to the concepts definition "Has wings, or feathers."

Back 85

Defining Features

Front 86

Feature Overlap Model. These are typical features. "Is small, eats"•

Back 86

Characteristic Features

Front 87

Information prior to a task or test presented explicitly or implicitly has an effect on later performance: Prior exposure to nurse will lead to fast RT to “Is doctor a real word?”

Back 87

Priming Effects

Front 88

This explains that imagery is like perception and it retains some of the sensory qualities (spatial layout) of perception.

Back 88

Analogical Representation