Child Development Exam 3

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Ageism

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A form of prejudice in which people arecategorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age

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Young-old (70%)

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Healthy, vigorous, financially secure orderadults (60-75) who are well integrated into the lives of their families andcommunities

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Old-Old (20%)

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Older adults (75-85) who suffer from physical,mental or social deficits

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Oldest-Old (20%)

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· Elderly adults (over 85) who are dependent onothers for almost everything, requires supportive services such as nursing-homecare and hospital stays

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Primary Aging

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irreversible, universal aging

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Secondary Aging

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physical conditions deteriorate,poor habits, genetic vulnerability and other influences, vary from person to person

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Nutrition in elderly

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less efficient at digesting food, need fewer calories, drugs can affect nutrition, many don't drink enough water

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Exercise

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elders benefit from regular exercise, movement of any kind is better than sitting still and regular exercise can extend life

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Drug Use

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most old people don't abuse drugs, can be addicted to prescription, slower metabolism, liver not efficient, ok in moderation

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maximum life span

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oldest human was 122

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life expectancy

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women- 81

men- 75

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Aging brain

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-reduction in production of neurotransmitters

-neural fluid decreases, myelination things and cerebral blood circulates more slowly

-speed of process and multitasking decreases

-decline of output of primary mental abilities

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2 modifiers of the aging brain

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1. health is better predictor of cognition than age

2. training can improve cognitive ability, even for the very old

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Dimentia

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irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or diseases (1% under 65)

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Alzheimer disease

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-most common cause of dementia, gradual deterioration of memory and personality marked by the formation of plaque on beta-amyloid protein and tangles tau protein in brain

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beginning stages of alzheimers

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-forgetfulness, personality change

-memory loss eventually becomes dangerous

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final stages of alzheimers

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-full time care, communication ceases

-identity and personality are lost, death

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Parkinson disease

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starts with rigidity or tremor of the muscles as neurons that produce dopamine degenerate

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Life Review

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An examination of one’s own partin life, which often takes the form of stories written or spoken by elderly peoplewho want to share them with younger people

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Erikson and Maslow

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1. Integrity (Was my life meaningful?)

2. Self-actualization (creative, philosophical, spiritual understanding)

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Wisdom

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· An expert knowledge systemdealing with the conduct and understanding of life

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Self theories

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· Emphasize the core self, or thesearch to maintain one’s integrity and identity

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Continuity theory

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· Behaves toward others in a waythat is consistent with his or her behavior in earlier periods of life

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Positivity effect

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· Perceive, prefer, and rememberpositive images and experiences more than negative ones

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Stratification Theories

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· Any given society’scategorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based onfactors like wealth, income, social status, occupation and power Ex: stratification by age

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Disengagement theory

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-type of stratification theory

-The view that aging makes aperson’s social sphere increasingly narrow, resulting in role relinquishment,withdrawal, and passivity

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Activity theory

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-type of stratification theory

-The view that elderly people wantand need to remain active in a variety of social spheres–with relatives,friends, and community groups-and become withdrawn only unwillingly, as aresult of ageism

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Activities of late adulthood

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-work

-money

-social recognition and self-fulfillment

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Home of an elder

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-prefer to age where they are

-naturally occurring retirement community (NORC)

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NORC (naturally occurring retirement community)

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A neighborhood or apartmentcomplex whose population is mostly retired people who moved to the location asyounger adults and never left

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Continuing of education in elders

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· About one out of five US adultsage 66 and older was enrolled in some kind of continuing education in 2005

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Political Activism

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· Many government policies affectthe elderly, especially those regarding housing, pensions, prescription drugs,and medical costs

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Religiou Involvement

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· Faith increases with age, prayingand other religious practices

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Family member relationships

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-Relationships betweenparents/adult children are affected by many factors

- Assistance arises from need andfrom the ability to provide

-Loveis influenced by the interaction remembered from childhood

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4 approaches to grandparenting

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remote, companionate, involved, surrogate

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factors that influence grandparent-grandchild relationships

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Personality, ethnicity, national background, past family interactions, age and personality of child

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negative factors of late adulthood

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impact of retirement, death of spouse, beanpole family (caregiver resentment), loss of independence, assisted living

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loss of independence

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Activities of daily life:independent living (eating, bathing, toileting)

- Instrumental activities of dailylife (IADLs)

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IADLs (Instrumental activities of daily life)

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actions that are important to independent living and that require some intellectual competence and forethought (paying bills, driving)

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assisted living

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oCombines privacy and independencewith medical supervision

Assisted-living facilities rangeform group homes for 3 or 4 elderly people to large apartment or townhousedevelopments for hundreds of residents

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Post formal thought (emerging adulthood)

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Hypothesized 5th stage

-formal operational though is inadequate to describe adult congnition

-problem finding

-combine emoion and logic

-prefrontal cortex develop

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Stereotype Threat

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possibility/ worry that one's appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another person's oversimplified, prejudiced attitudes, fear or being reduced to a stereotype, emerging adults have less prejudice

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Diathesis Stress model

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View that psychological disorders are producedby the interaction of a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) and stressfulenvironmental factors and life events

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Identity achievement

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-Identity crisis begins in adolescence, but not resolved

-Most emerging adults are still seeking todetermine who they are

-Religious commitments, sex/ gender roles,political/ethnic loyalties and career options

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Ethnic identity

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Extent to which one feels connected to one’sethnic group and identification

- Bicultural

-Assimilation

-Separation

-Marginalization

Most diverse ethnic group of friends

effects life choices/ decisions

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Intimacy vs. Isolation

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-Erikson's 6th stage of development

-powerful desire to share personal life with someone

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Emerging adult's friendships

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- defends against stress and provide joy

- new/old friends are crucial

-most single adults have larger and more supportive friendship network than newly married young people

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self-expansion

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each of us enlarges our understanding, experiences and resources through friends and lovers

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cohabitation

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If a couple lives together in a committedromantic relationship but aren’t married are more likely to get divorced

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Linked lives

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experiences and needs of individuals at onestage of life are affected by those at other stages

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Senescence

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gradual physical decline that is related to aging and during which the body becomes less strong and efficient

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Sense Organs

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nearsightedness (begins in 20s)

farsightedness

loss of hearing apparent after 60

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Sexual reproductive system

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slower to arousal, slower because of stress and anxiety, menopause, lower sperm count, IVF, andropause

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mortality

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death

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morbidity

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disease

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disability

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inability to do what you usually can

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vitality

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life force

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Tobacco (adults)

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declines over 50 years in US, not worldwide, varies among cohorts

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alcohol in adults

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in moderation reduces heart disease, increases good cholesterol, reduces bad, lowers blood pressure and glucose, heavy drinking andbad

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Overeating in adults

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65-70% adults are overweight, 50% are obese in US

-needs regular activity

-influenced by gender, health and socioeconomic status

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stressor

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any situation, even, experience or otherstimulus that causes a person to feel stressed

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Allostatic load

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the total, combined burden of stress and diseasethat an individual must cope with

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Problem-focused coping

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tackle a stressful issue directly

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Emotion-focused coping

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· change their feelings about the stressor ratherthan changing the stressor itself

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Cognition in adulthood

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-difficulty with multitasking

-brain confusion (dementia uncommon under 65)

-drug/ alcohol (worst), stress, viruses, poor circulation are 4 lifestyle factors that make early brain function loss

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Two Clusters (cattell)

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- definition of intelligence

- fluid intelligence (reasoning, processing)versus crystallized intelligence (acquired intelligence)

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Three Clusters (Sternberg)

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analytic school/ skills, values and desirescreativity, practical/ daily life (applies intellect most highly valued)

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Nine Clusters/ Cultural variations (Gardner)

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· linguistic, logical/ mathematical, musical,spatial, bodily/ kinesthetic, naturalistic, social understanding/ interpersonalintelligence, self-understanding/ intrapersonal intelligence, existentialintelligence

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Expert

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·someone who is notably more skilled andknowledgeable than the average person about whichever activities are personallymeaningful

Intuitive

Automatic

Strategic

Flexible

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Maslow’s Stages

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Abraham Maslow (1954): described 5 stages which occur in sequence. Movement occurs when people have satisfied theirneeds at one level and are ready for the next step

1. Physiological

2.Safety

3.Love and belonging

4.Success and esteem

5.Self

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The social clock

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- Based on social norms, feeling pressure to takesignificant steps in adulthood

- Driving, drinking, voting, marriage, signing amortgage, being entitled to retirement benefits

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Adulthood personality

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· Less open to new experiences (less open)

· More conscientiousness

· Less extroversion

· More agreeableness

· Less neuroticism

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ecologicalniche

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people choose their particular social context, · 30-50 marked by more stability of personalitythan other periods of life

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gender convergence

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tendency for men and women to become moresimilar as they move through middle age, women more conscientious and agreeable, men are more open and extroverted

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Social convoy

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· collectively, family, friends, acquaintances,and strangers who more through life with an individual, friends are most important (improves with age)

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Fictive kin-chosen family

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choose own family that is better/ moresupportive than biological family

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kinkeeper

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-caregiver who takes responsibility formaintaining communication among family members

- involves meeting another person’s physicalneeds, feeding, cleaning and so on but much of it has to do with fulfillinganother person’s psychological needs

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Sandwich generation

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adults feel pressured by obligation of caregiving,most are not burdened by them because their either enjoy them or because theychoose to take on the responsibilities

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Relative deprivation

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the idea that people compare themselves to others in their group and aresatisfied if they are no worse off than the group norm, people who have justenough are happiest, not enough or too much= not happy, relative deprivationmore common with people who have too much

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Generativity

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-psychosocial sense refers to the concern for establishing and guiding the next generation and is said to stem from a sense of optimism about humanity.

-Erikson