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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biological and Environmental Influences On The Sexes |
-Androgen: sex hormone associated with physical play, biological males have more than females -Parents describe boy babies as bigger -Treatment by adults differ based on the baby's gender |
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Consequences of Sterotypes |
-Not only reflect, but cause differences -Serve as perceptual filters; we only pay attention to stereotype consistent information -Sets up a self-fulfilling prophecy -Defines expected gender behavior and shape people's self-presentation |
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Socialization Theories of Gender Identity Development |
-Psychodynamic Theory *Sigmund Freud: penis envy *Nancy Chodorow: mother socialization, girls are allowed to stay with their mothers while boys are forced to seperate -Cognitive Developmental Theory *Lawrence Kohlberg: gender labeling/differentiation, gender stability, gender constancy -Gender Schema Theory *Carol Martin: selective attention; children process information based on stereotypes and ignore things that don't fit -Emerging Gender Roles *Sandra Bem: 4 outcomes (feminine, masculine, undifferentiated, androgenous) -Social Learning Theory *Different treatment and reinforcement |
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Impact of Media |
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Media and Mediated Experiences |
-means of communication that reach or influence large amounts of people -we are passively receiving the media -no way of knowing truth from lies -people that make media have personal agendas |
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Cognitive Capacities |
-use of context (interpreting lack of blood in violence as making it ok) -converging evidence (not seeking out multiple to confirm information) -importance of omission (don't think of the process by which something happened) |
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Families in Transition |
Maternal Employment -children with mothers who work outside the home have higher levels of achievement, higher self-esteem, and less sex-role stereotypes -still have a separate job at home Daycare -daycare cost is high, quality is low -daycare in MA is highest cost in the nation -kids who go to daycare are more cognitively advanced, social exposure -get sick more often -when in school, get sick less Self-Care -leaving kids home alone -children of authoritative parents do best alone |
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Divorce |
-typically have negative effects on children *losing a role model *economic hardship *exposed to marital conflict -kids don't understand cause and effect, so they often blame themselves -in some cases, divorce is the best option *"staying together for the kids" harms them more -removes kids from marital conflict |
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Remarriage and Blended Families |
-Stepfathers aren't as involved with the children *girls react more negatively to stepfather than boys -Stepmothers are reacted negatively to, especially by girls *biological mothers tend not to go away -Remarriages are more likely to end in divorce than first marriage |
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School as a Developmental Context |
Effective Schools and Effective Teachers -teenagers function better at night *schools that open later see better attendance, grades, and attitudes Use of Tracking Procedures -separating children based on their abilities -some kids take algebra, others take general math -hard to get out of a track -classes are able to more at an appropriate pace -tracking can put students at the wrong level, effects self-esteem, lower levels are stigmatized, pressure to achieve, lower levels give up (self-fulfilling prophecy), lose scaffolding -lower levels get worse teachers, have behavioral problem kids, less resources |
