Chapter 23 Study Guide Questions

Front 1

Major motivations for European exploration of the world's ocean included:

(4 things)

Back 1

The search for new lands to settle and cultivate,

Population pressures in Europe,

The desire to trade directly with Asian markets,

The urge to extend Christianity beyond Europe.

Front 2

Portuguese sailors were able to tack against the prevailing winds by using:

Back 2

a combination of square and lateen sails.

Front 3

European and Arab mariners in the 15th century determined latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or pole star above the horizon with:

Back 3

an astrolabe or cross staff.

Front 4

By the mid-15th century, Portuguese mariners used a strategy called the volta do mar that:

Back 4

enabled them to sail with westerly winds rather than force their way against trade winds.

Front 5

The sea route to the Indian Ocean, discovered by Vasca da Gama offered European merchants:

Back 5

a chance to buy goods directly from Indian merchants.

Front 6

Christopher Columbus believed that by sailing west 2,500 nautical miles he would:

Back 6

find a direct and profitable route to Japan.

Front 7

By 1800 European exploration of the Pacific Ocean resulted in:

(4 things)

Back 7

The first complete circumnavigation of the world,

Mapping of Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the South Pacific,

Exploration of the coast of Alaska and the waters of the Arctic Ocean,

European colonization of the Philippines.

Front 8

Portuguese mariners succeeded in building a trading-post in the early 16th century for the following reasons:

(4 reasons)

Back 8

The ruthless policies of naval commander Afonso d'Alboquerque,

The head start that Protugal enjoyed over other European powers,

The use of heavy artillery to overpower other craft and onshore sights,

The Portuguese control of the strategic ports such as Hormuz and Melaka.

Front 9

The English East India Company and the VOC were privately owned companies that enjoyed all of the following advantages:

(4 things)

Back 9

Funds to output ships and hire crews,

Commodities and money for trade,

The potential for tremendous profits,

Heavily armed ships to back up their demands.

Front 10

Spanish forces were able to conquer the Philippines because of:

Back 10

the lack of a centralized, powerful state to organize resistance.

Front 11

The Dutch in Indonesia concentrated their efforts on:

Back 11

dominating the spice trade through the Sundra Strait.

Front 12

Pair the trading post with the European power:

Batavia, Manila, Goa, and Cape town

Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, the Netherlands.

Back 12

Goa - Portugal

Manila - Spain

Batavia - the Netherlands

Cape Town - the Netherlands

Front 13

Who was a significant presence in the Indian Ocean by the mid-18th century?

(4 countries)

Back 13

Britain,

France,

the Netherlands,

Portugal.

Front 14

As a result of the Seven Years' War, Britain gained all of the following:

(3 things)

Back 14

The French colonies in Canada,

The French trading posts in India,

Spanish Florida.

Front 15

In spite of isolation and harsh climate, Russians ventured over the Ural into Siberia in search of:

Back 15

Furs

Front 16

In the New World, the Columbian Exchange generally resulted in:

(4 things)

Back 16

The introduction of infectious diseases,

The staggering loss of indigenous populations,

The introduction of domesticated animals such as cattle and horses,

The introduction of food crops such as wheat.

Front 17

Smallpox, influenza, and the measles spread rapidly in the Americas because of:

Back 17

lack of previous exposure that would build natural immunity.

Front 18

In Eurasia, new American food crops translated into:

(4 things)

Back 18

Overall improvements in diet and nutrition,

Steady population growth in the 16th and 17th centuries,

More varied cuisine,

Better forage for livestock.

Front 19

By 1750, the following regions were linked by trade and commerce:

(4 regions)

Back 19

Brazil,

India,

Indonesia,

South Africa

Front 20

Pair the regions with the trade goods:

Wheat, silver, cotton, sugar

Brazil, South Africa, India, Peru

Back 20

Brazil - sugar

South Africa - wheat

India - cotton

Peru - silver.

Front 21

The Manila galleons were noted for:

Back 21

carrying large cargoes between Mexico and the Philippines.