Chapter 31 Study Guide Questions

Front 1

At the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, Qing Dynasty, and Tokugawa Japa were "societies at crossroads" because they:

Back 1

discovered through wars and confrontations that they were militarily much weaker than the western powers.

Front 2

The Ottoman military had declined by the 19th century because:

(4)

Back 2

The Janissary corps was more interested in palace intrigues than in military training,

The Janissaries resisted all efforts to modernize the army,

Many provincial rulers had private mercenary armies,

Ottoman forces carried outmoded equipment.

Front 3

By 1913, these provinces gained either independence or autonomy from Ottoman control:

(3)

Back 3

Egypt,

Greece,

Serbia

Front 4

The "capitulations" were humiliating concessions to the west that:

Back 4

held European citizens exempt from Ottoman laws and taxes.

Front 5

The most significant achievement of the Sultan Mahmud II was the:

Back 5

creation of a modern army.

Front 6

Tanzimat legal reforms included:

(3)

Back 6

Equality before the law,

Public trials in civil courts,

The right to privacy.

Front 7

Which of the Young Turk proposals caused the most dissension in the empire?

Back 7

Turkish as the official language of the empire.

Front 8

The Russian empire was defeated in the Crimean War because:

Back 8

Britain and France joined forces to prevent the Russian expansion into the Ottoman Empire.

Front 9

The emancipation of Russian serfs in 1861:

(4)

Back 9

Was achieved at the tsar's insistence,

Was intended to avert a revolution,

Brought freedom but few political rights for the peasants,

Did not significantly increase agricultural production.

Front 10

What was part of Witte's policy of industrialization?

(4)

Back 10

Construction of the trans-Siberian railroad,

Banking reform to encourage domestic savings and investment,

Protective tariffs to support emerging Russian industries,

Promotion of foreign investment in Russian industry.

Front 11

The Russian intelligentsia promoted terrorism as a strategy for political reform because:

Back 11

their attempts at more peaceful reform were crushed by the tsarist authorities.

Front 12

What could be considered the contributing causes of the Russian revolution of 1905?

(4)

Back 12

The lack of a representative legislative body,

The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War,

The Bloody Sunday massacre,

The government's failure to address the inequities of land ownership.

Front 13

The British insisted on their right to trade opium with China because:

Back 13

it was the only trade good that they could sell in China for a profit.

Front 14

What were the provisions of the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842?

(4)

Back 14

Britain gained control of the island of Hong Kong,

British merchants gained the right to conduct the opium trade unimpeded,

Chinese ports were open to foreign trade and residence,

Christian missionaries were permitted to come into China.

Front 15

The Taiping rebellion was defeated when:

Back 15

Nanjing was defeated by a combined force of imperial and European soldiers.

Front 16

In China, a "sphere of influence" was a city designated for trade between Chinese and European merchants...

Back 16

District in which a foreign power had exclusive trade, transportation, and mineral rights.

Front 17

The Tokugawa Shogunate was overthrown because:

Back 17

the Japanese were outraged by the unequal treaty forced by the Commodore Perry.

Front 18

The success of the Meiji restoration depended on destroying the power of:

Back 18

the daimyyo and samurai classes.

Front 19

The capital for early industrialization of Meiji Japan came primarily from:

Back 19

land taxes.

Front 20

What were provisions of the Meiji constitution?

(4)

Back 20

Japan became a constitutional monarchy,

The right to vote was based on property qualifications,

The emperor could disregard the recommendations of the Diet,

Individual rights were affirmed bu made secondary to the need of the state.