Chapter 13- Social Psychology

Front 1

Person/Social perception

Back 1

Perception:

Selection and participation of sensor stimuli.

-We choose what to listen, hear and smell

Social/Person perception:

mental processing to draw judgement and conclusion about the behavior and the goals of others.

Front 2

Attribution Theory:

Dimension of causality: internal/external, stable/unstable, controllable/uncontrollable

Back 2

.

Front 3

Attribution Theory:

Influences on attributions: consistency, consensus, distinctiveness,

Back 3

Consensus:

Distinctiveness:

Consistency:

Front 4

Attribution Theory:

Common attribution biases: fundamental attribution error, actor-observer discrepancy, self-serving bias,self-effacing bias, blaming the victim

Back 4

Fundamental attribution error: will underestimate or ignore the effects of external situation and overestimate the importance of internal traits.

Actor-observer discrepancy: We are the actors, we tend to attribute our own behavior to external causes. Observer = internal. We know our thoughts but we don't know other peoples thoughts.

Blaming the victim: unable to help the victim of misfortune we tend to blame them for causing their own misfortune or for not taking steps to prevent or avoid it. (William Ryan, 1977)

Self-serving bias: The tendency to take credit for one's successes and to deny responsibility for one's failure. Most common individualistic culture.

Self-effacing bias: We blame ourselves for our failure, attributing the to internal, personal causes. While downplaying our successes by attributing them to external, situation causes. Most collectivist culture.

Front 5

Impressionformation factors: Structure, Stability, Constructiveness

Back 5

Structure: Categories that we form when we from an impression on a person.

Stability: We cling to them

Constructiveness: We build an impression

Front 6

stereotype threat

Back 6

An individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.

Front 7

Attitudes:

Cognitive dissonance

Back 7

An individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

Front 8

Attitudes:

Persuasion/attitude change

a. The source – what are the importantcharacteristics?

b.The message – cognitive vs. emotional; mere exposure effect

c.Elaboration likelihood model

Front 9

Altruism:

Factors that decrease helping: The bystander effect bid

Back 9

not feeling pleasure when helping somebody out.

Front 10

Conformity

1. Asch’s studies

2. Informational social influence

3. Normative social influence

Back 10

Conformity: A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard.

Asch's studies: people rather go along with a group even when they have the correct answer.

Information social influence: The influence other people have in us because we want to be right.

Normative social influence: The influence others have on us because we want them to like us.

Front 11

Obedience:

1. Milgram’s experiment and findings

2.Stanford Prison Experiment

Back 11

1. Milgram's experiment and findings: teacher shocks the student when given wrong answer but his actually not being shocked

Front 12

Intergroup relation:

1. What is the distinction between prejudices, stereotypes,discrimination?

2. Overcoming prejudice: Robber’s Cave, Jigsaw classroom

Back 12

Prejudice: An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual based on the individual's member in a group.

Discrimination: An unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.

Stereotypes: negative generalization about a group.

Front 13

Attraction:

Mere exposure effect (same concept as in Social Persuasion)

Back 13

Mere exposure effect: The phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they do not realize have seen it before.