Chapter 1: Overview Of Community Health Nursing

Front 1

What are the principles guiding community health nursing practice?

Back 1

• Ethical Considerations
  
• Advocacy
• Epidemiology
• Epidemiological Calculations
• Epidemiological Triangle
• The Epidemiological Process
• Community-Based Health Education

Front 2

What are the ethical considerations in Public Health?

Back 2

• preventing harm, doing no harm
• promoting good
• respecting both individual and community rights
• respecting autonomy and diversity
• providing confidentiality
• competency
• trustworthiness
• advocacy

Front 3

Community health nurses are concerned with what?

Back 3

Protecting, promoting, preserving, and maintaining health, as well as preventing disease.

(4PM)

Front 4

Definition & Situation of Respect for Autonomy

Back 4

Individuals select those actions that fulfill their goals

Respecting a client's right to self-determination (making a decision not to pursue chemotherapy)

Front 5

Definition & Situation of Nonmaleficence

Back 5

No harm is done when applying standards of care

Developing plans of care that include a system for monitoring and evaluating outcomes

Front 6

Definition & Situation of Beneficence

Back 6

Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms

Assessing risks and benefits when planning interventions

Front 7

Definition & Situation of Distributive Justice

Back 7

Fair distribution of the benefits and burden in society is based on the needs and contributions of its members

Determining eligibility for health care services based on income and fiscal resources

Front 8

Epidemiology is the study of what?

Back 8

Health-related trends in populations for the purpose of disease prevention, health maintenance, and health protection

Front 9

Epidemiology relies on (1)______________ data to determine the rate of (2)_________ of disease and the (3)_____________ of people affected. It also is used to evaluate the effectiveness of disease (4)______________ and health (5)_______________ activities and to determine the extent to which goals have been (6)_____.

Back 9

1. statistical
   
2. spread
3. proportion
4. prevention
5. promotion
6. met

Front 10

Epidemiology provides a (1)________ understanding of the (2)______, (3)___________, and (4)_____________ of disease and injury.

Back 10

1. broad
2. spread
3. transmission
4. incidence

Front 11

Epidemiology involves the study of the (1)_____________ among an (2)_____, a (3)______, and an (4)______________. This is referred to as the (5)_______________ (6)_____________.

Back 11

1. relationships
2. agent
3. host
4. environment
5. epidemiological triangle

Front 12

What is the agent in the epidemiological triangle?

Back 12

The animate or inanimate object that causes the disease

Front 13

What is the host in the epidemiological triangle?

Back 13

The living being that is affected by the agent

Front 14

What is the environment in the epidemiological triangle?

Back 14

The setting or surrounding that sustains the host

Front 15

What are susceptible hosts in the epidemiological triangle?

Back 15

• age
• gender
• genetics
• ethnicity
• immunological status
• physiological state
• occupation

Front 16

What are the chemical agents in the epidemiological triangle?

Back 16

drugs

toxins

Front 17

What are the physical agents in the epidemiological triangle?

Back 17

noise

temperature

Front 18

What are the infectious agents in the epidemiological triangle?

Back 18

viruses

bacteria

Front 19

What are the physical environment in the epidemiological triangle?

Back 19

• geography
• water/food supply
• presence of reservoirs/vectors

Front 20

What are the social environment in the epidemiological triangle?

Back 20

• access to health care
  
• high-risk working conditions
• poverty

Front 21

What are the epidemiological calculations?

Back 21

• Incidence
• Prevalence
• Crude Mortality Rate
• Infant Mortality Rate
• Attack Rate

Front 22

Incidence

Back 22

Number of new cases in the population at a specific time

Front 23

Prevalence

Back 23

Number of existing cases in the population at a specific time

Front 24

Crude Mortality Rate

Back 24

Number of deaths / population total

Front 25

Infant Mortality Rate

Back 25

Number of infant deaths before 1 year of age in a year / numbers of live births in the same year

Front 26

Attack Rate

Back 26

Number of people exposed to a specific agent who develop the disease / total number of people exposed

Front 27

What is considered an epidemic?

Back 27

It is when the rate of disease exceeds the usual level of the condition in a defined population

Front 28

Community health nurses regularly provide health education in order to promote, maintain, and restore the health of populations. This is accomplished through a variety of means, such as community ___________ programs.

Back 28

education

Front 29

In designing community education programs, nurses must take into account the (1)_________ that make learning difficult. Some of these obstacles include (2)____, (3)________ barriers, (4)______ reading and (5)___________ skills, (6)__________ barriers, barriers to (7)_______, and lack of (8)______________. Effective community health education requires (9)_____________.

Back 29

1. barriers
2. age
3. cultural
4. poor
5. comprehension
6. language
7. access
8. motivation
9. planning

Front 30

What are the learning theories used in community health nursing?

Back 30

• behavioral theory
• cognitive theory
• critical theory
• developmental theory
• humanistic theory
• social learning theory

Front 31

Behavioral Theory

Back 31

Use of reinforcement methods to change learner's behaviors

Front 32

Cognitive Theory

Back 32

Use of sensory input and repetition to change learner's patterns of thought, thereby changing behaviors

Front 33

Critical Theory

Back 33

Use of ongoing discussion and inquiry to increase learner's depth of knowledge thereby changing thinking and behaviors

Front 34

Developmental Theory

Back 34

Use of techniques specific to learner's developmental stages to determine readiness to learn, and to impart knowledge

Front 35

Humanistic Theory

Back 35

Assists learners to grow by emphasizing emotions and relationships and believing that free choice will prompt actions that are in their own best interest

Front 36

Social Learning Theory

Back 36

Links information to beliefs and values to change or shift the learner expectations

Front 37

Community health nurses enhance the provision of education by addressing _________ styles.

Back 37

learning

Front 38

Visual Learners learn through "(1)________" and methods such as (2)_______ taking, (3)________ viewing, and (4)_______________. These learners "think in (5)_________"

Back 38

1. seeing
2. note
3. video
4. presentations
5. pictures

Front 39

Auditory learners learn through "(1)_________" and methods such as (2)________ lectures, (3)____________, and (4)__________ loud. These learners "interpret meaning while (5)___________"

Back 39

1. listening
2. verbal
3. discussion
4. reading
5. listening

Front 40

Tactile-kinesthetic learners learn through "(1)_______" and methods such as (2)______ and (3)_______, (4)_______-on approaches, and (5)________ demonstration. These learners gain "meaning through (6)_____________"

Back 40

1. doing
2. trial
3. error
4. hands
5. exploration

Front 41

How to develop a Community Health Education Plan?

Back 41

• First, identify population-specific learning needs
• Consider population-specific concerns and effect of health needs on the population to determine the priority learning need
• Select aspects of learning theories to use in the educational program based on the identified learning need
• Identify barriers to learning, and learning styles
• Design the educational program
• Implement the education program. Ensure an environment that is conducive to learning.
• Evaluate the achievement of learning objectives and the effectiveness of instruction.

Front 42

What is considered a conducive learning environment?

Back 42

• minimal distractions
  
• favorable to interaction
• learner comfort
• readability