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75 Cards in this Set
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The weight of all building materials & equipment that are permanently attached to the building |
Dead loads |
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Any load not considered a dead load inc people, equip, weather, water for 🔥 suppression & materials not attached to the structure |
Live loads |
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A load that is applied to a small area Ex: safe, steel beam resting on wall |
Concentrated load |
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A load applied equally over a broad area Ex: ❄️ , bed, furniture |
Distributed load |
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A load that is in motion when applied Ex: firefighting jumping onto roof |
Impact load |
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Loads that an engineer has planned for/anticipated in structural design (40 psf live load + 10 psd dead load for residential) |
Design load |
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A load that was not planned for or anticipated Ex: weight of people, renovations |
Undesigned load |
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The amount of heat generated when the building and its contents burn |
Fire load |
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Loads must be transmitted to |
Structural elements
The following are terms associated with imposition of loads... |
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A load that is transmitted through the center of an element and runs perpendicular to the element |
Axial load |
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Under 🔥 conditions |
The materials used to resist forces start breaking down. Eventually gravity takes over and pushes the building to the 🌍 |
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The time it takes for gravity to overcome a structure during a 🔥 is.. |
Unpredictable. A number of variables determine the amount of time a material can resist 🔥degradation and gravity. Look for them in size up |
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Material type and mass |
Concrete vs wood |
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Surface to mass ratio |
Heavy timber vs Truss |
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Overall load being imposed |
Live vs dead |
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BTU development |
🔥 load |
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Type of construction |
Type I or V |
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Alterations, renovations.. |
And modifications |
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Age of the building |
Degradation, different materials and methods |
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Firefighting impact loads |
💧, FF |
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A load applied perpendicular to an element and subsequently does not pass through the center of the element |
Eccentric load |
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Conditions of |
Fire restrictive barriers |
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Structural elements... Buildings are an assembly of structural elements |
Designed to transfer loads to the earth |
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2 or more structural elements combined to meet a specific function or design requirements Ex:roof trusses, doors |
Assembly |
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Horizontal structural component subjected to vertical loads |
Beams |
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Subjected to compressive force |
Top of beam |
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Subjected to tension |
Bottom of beam |
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Types of beams.. Supported at the 2 points near its ends |
Simple beams |
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Supported in 3 or more places |
Continuous beam |
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Supported at only 1 end |
Cantilever beam |
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Spans an opening in a load bearing masonry wall |
Lintrel |
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Load that is applied offset to an element causing a twisting stress to the material |
Torsion load |
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Supports other beams |
Ginder |
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Horizontal structural member used to support floors or roof decking (a beam) |
Joist |
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Loads imposed on material |
Create stress and strain |
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Forces applied to materials |
Stress and strain |
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Terms associated w forces... Forces tend to push material together |
Compression |
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Forces tend to pull a material apart |
Tension |
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Forces tend to tear a material apart |
Shear |
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Supports other beams |
girder |
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Under normal conditions |
Structures will reduce failure |
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Vertical supporting member |
Column |
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Columns cont. Transmits a compressive force parallel through the center |
Typically support beams and other columns |
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Columns cont. Diagonal & horizontal |
Vertical support of a building |
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A component that transmits compressive forces through its center |
Wall |
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2 categories Wall that carries the weight of beams, other walls, floor, roof,other structural elements as well as the wall itself |
Load bearing wall |
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A wall supporting its own weight |
Non load bearing wall |
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Bearing wall common to 2 structures |
Party wall |
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Constructed On the line between two properties shared by a building on each side of the line |
Party wall |
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Almost always load bearing |
Party wall |
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Often constructed as a firewall between the two properties |
Party wall |
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A rated assembly that extends From the foundation to through of the roof Of a building to limit flame spread |
Fire wall |
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Designed to limit the spread of 🔥 from one side of wall to other side |
Fire wall |
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Requires 🔥doors & windows |
Fire wall |
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Non load bearing exterior wall Used as the weather barrier |
Curtain wall |
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In many high-rises the outside walls our class in frames, considered curtainwalls |
Curtain walls |
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Serve as exterior skin On a steel framed high-rise building |
Curtain wall |
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The single vertical thickness of masonry Designed to improve the exterior appearance of the building |
Veneer wall |
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Totally depends on the underlying wall for stability |
Veneer wall |
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We could link as it relates to Structural failure during fires |
Connections |
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Building construction and safety code |
NFPA 5000 |
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Standard on types of building construction |
NFPA 220 |
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The ability of a material to avoid ignition, combustion and thermal affects of fire |
Fire resistant |
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The measure of how long structural assembles will maintain load bearing abilities under fire conditions |
Fire resistance rating |
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The measure of how long structural assembles will maintain load bearing abilities under fire conditions |
Fire resistance rating |
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Maintains structural integrity during fire, mainly reinforced concrete like walls, beams door protected by blown on insulation or concrete encased steel |
Type 1 construction -fire resistive |
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Can be compromised by openings made in partitions, improperly designed HVAC systems |
Type 1 construction |
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Degradation of concrete due to prolonged exposure to high heat |
Spalling |
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Similar to fire resistive but lacks insulation or other protector |
Type 2 construction |
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Has fire resistant rating, all metal buildings calm into this,limited use of materials with no fire resistant rating |
Type 2 |
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Primary concerns |
Content fires Flame impingement on steel |
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Open space between the roof and ceiling |
Cockloft fires |
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Requires exterior walls an structural members be made of non-combustible or limited combustible materials |
Type 3 construction -ordinary |
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Interior structural members completely or partially made of wood |
Type 3 |
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Fire smoke spreads Fire May burn through concealed spaces |
Those are primary concerns |
