Block 4 Exam - Class 92204

Front 1

The _________ is a cloud of gas and suspended solids extending from the Earth's surface out many thousands of miles, becoming increasingly thinner with distance but always held by Earth's gravitational pull. (3)

Back 1

atmosphere

Front 2

Name the five layers that Earth's atmosphere is subdivided into. (4)

Back 2

*Troposphere

*Stratosphere

*Mesosphere

*Thermosphere

*Exosphere

Front 3

In which two layers of atmosphere do virtually all aircraft fly? (4)

Back 3

Troposphere and lower stratosphere

Front 4

What is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere? (5)

Back 4

Troposphere

Front 5

Which layer of Earth's atmosphere contains almost all clouds and precipitation? (5)

Back 5

Troposphere

Front 6

In which layer of Earth's atmosphere does air pressure and density decrease with altitude? (5)

Back 6

Troposphere

Front 7

In which layer of Earth's atmosphere does temperature generally decrease with altitude? (5)

Back 7

Troposphere

Front 8

An ________ in temperature with altitude is abnormal and is defined as an inversion. (5)

Back 8

increase

Front 9

What is the average depth of the Troposphere? (5)

Back 9

36,000 ft.

It varies though due to temperature variations associated with latitude and season.

Front 10

The tropopause is the boundary between which two layers of Earth's atmosphere? (5)

Back 10

Troposphere and Stratosphere

Front 11

The stratosphere extends from the tropopause up to ________ miles above the Earth's surface. (5)

Back 11

31

Front 12

In the stratosphere, temperature ________ with altitude. (5)

Back 12

increases

Front 13

Which layer of Earth's atmosphere is generally devoid of significant weather and is a stable layer? (5)

Back 13

Stratosphere

Front 14

Thunderstorm tops can extend into the Earth's lower ________. (5)

Back 14

stratosphere

Front 15

________ is a hypothetical vertical distribution of the atmospheric temperature, pressure, and density. (6)

Back 15

Standard Atmosphere

Front 16

Name four things that Standard Atmosphere is used for. (6)

Back 16

*Pressure altimeter calibrations

*Aircraft performance calculations

*Aircraft design

*Weather-related processes

Front 17

What is the selected property of the Standard Atmosphere for sea level pressure? (6)

Back 17

29.92 inches of mercury

Front 18

What is the selected property of the Standard Atmosphere for sea level temperature? (6)

Back 18

15°C/59°F

Front 19

What is the selected property of the Standard Atmosphere for the decrease of temperature with height (lapse rate) in the Troposphere? (6)

Back 19

2°C/3.5°F per 1,000 ft

Front 20

What is the selected property of the Standard Atmosphere for the pressure altitude of the Tropopause? (6)

Back 20

36,000 ft (FL360)

Front 21

What are the relatively strong winds concentrated within a narrow, horizontal band in the upper troposphere? (7)

Back 21

Jet Stream

Front 22

What are the two commonly identified jet streams? (7)

Back 22

*Polar Jet Stream, located between 30° and 60° latitude

*Subtropical Jet Stream, located between 20° and 40° latitude

Front 23

Which jet stream is farther north? Polar or Subtropical? (7)

Back 23

Polar

Front 24

The jet stream flows from ________ to ________. (7)

Back 24

west; east

Front 25

What could cause the jet stream to shift to the north and south? (7)

Back 25

Weather systems and seasonal changes

Front 26

True or False: Jet streams are associated with the boundaries between hot and cold air. (7)

Back 26

True

Front 27

In what season are jet streams the strongest? (7)

Back 27

Winter

Front 28

What type of turbulence do jet streams often produce? (7)

Back 28

Clear Air Turbulence (CAT)

Front 29

________ is water in the invisible gaseous form. (9)

Back 29

Water vapor

Front 30

Evaporation is the change of liquid water to ________. (9)

Back 30

water vapor

Front 31

Sublimation is the change of ________ to water vapor. (9)

Back 31

ice

Front 32

What is water vapor the raw material for? (9)

Back 32

Clouds and precipitation

Front 33

What percentage of the atmosphere does water vapor make up? (9)

Back 33

Trace amounts to 4% by volume

Front 34

Approximately half of the water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere is found below ________ AGL. (9)

Back 34

6,500

Front 35

________ is a measure of the hotness or coldness of the air. (9)

Back 35

Temperature

Front 36

The air's capacity to hold water vapor is directly related to its ________. (9)

Back 36

temperature

Front 37

________ air can hold more water vapor than ________ air. (9)

Back 37

Warm; cold

Front 38

Saturation is the maximum possible quantity of water vapor that a parcel can hold at any given ________ and ________. (10)

Back 38

temperature; pressure

Front 39

________ means an air parcel contains all the water vapor it can hold. (10)

Back 39

Saturated

Front 40

________ means an air parcel has the capacity to hold more water vapor. (10)

Back 40

Unsaturated

Front 41

________ is the temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water vapor content in order for saturation to occur. (10)

Back 41

Dew point

Front 42

Higher dew points at a location generally indicate ________ quantities of water vapor. (10)

Back 42

higher

Front 43

________ is the ratio, usually expressed as a percentage, of water vapor actually in the air compared to the amount of water vapor the air could hold at a particular temperature and pressure. (10)

Back 43

Relative humidity

Front 44

Relative humidity does not indicate the actual water vapor content of the air, but rather how close the air is to ________. (10)

Back 44

saturation

Front 45

The difference between air temperature and ________ is popularly called the "spread." (11)

Back 45

dew point temperature

Front 46

When the temperature-dew point spread ________, relative humidity ________. (11)

Back 46

decreases; increases

Front 47

When the temperature-dew point spread ________, the air becomes saturated, and condensation will form dew or fog. (11)

Back 47

decreases to zero

Front 48

________ is the change of water vapor to liquid water. (11)

Back 48

Condensation

Front 49

When the ________ decreases to zero, the air becomes ________, and condensation will form dew, fog, or clouds. (12)

A. dew point, saturated

B. temperature-dew point spread, saturated

C. condensation, unsaturated

Back 49

B

Front 50

A visible mass of tiny water droplets and/or ice particles in the atmosphere above the Earth's surface is called a ________. (13)

Back 50

cloud

Front 51

Clouds form when air is ________ to its dew point and becomes ________. (13)

Back 51

cooled; saturated

Front 52

The most common way a cloud forms is via ________ of water vapor in ________ air currents. (13)

Back 52

condensation; rising

Front 53

A parcel of rising air ________ and ________ as pressure decreases with altitude. (14)

Back 53

expands and cools

Front 54

A cloud will form if given sufficient ________ to achieve ________. (14)

Back 54

lift; saturation

Front 55

The parcel cools because expansion requires energy, or work, which takes ________ away from the parcel and ________ it. (14)

Back 55

heat; cools

Front 56

Rising ________ air parcels. (14)

Back 56

cools

Front 57

Sinking ________ air parcels. (15)

Back 57

warms

Front 58

A parcel of sinking air warms as it encounters ________ pressure and is ________. (15)

Back 58

increasing; compressed

Front 59

A cloud will quickly ________ due to sinking air. (15)

Back 59

dissipate

Front 60

During cloud formation, the temperature dew-point spread ________. (14)

Back 60

decreases

Front 61

During cloud dissipation, the temperature-dew point spread ________.

Back 61

increases

Front 62

Name the three cloud forms. (16)

Back 62

*Cirriform

*Cumuliform

*Stratiform

Front 63

Name the type of cloud form described below (16):

-High-level clouds which form above 20,000 ft

-Usually composed of ice crystals

-Typically thin and white in appearance

-Contains no significant icing

Back 63

Cirriform

Front 64

Name the type of cloud form described below (16):

-Resembles white fluffy cotton balls or heaps

-Indicates upward vertical motion or thermal uplift of air

-Tops can reach over 60,000 ft

-May produce icing, turbulence, and other hazards

Back 64

Cumuliform

Front 65

Name the type of cloud form described below (16):

-Consists of a featureless low layer that can cover sky

-Often produces widespread IFR weather

-Little or no turbulence, but can produce icing

Back 65

Stratiform

"Stratus" is Latin for "layer" or "blanket"

Front 66

The prefix nimbo or the suffix nimbus means ________. (16)

Back 66

raincloud

Front 67

________ is air in motion relative to the surface of the Earth. (17)

Back 67

Wind

Front 68

The ________ component of wind is typically very small compared to the ________ component. (17)

Back 68

vertical; horizontal

Front 69

True or False: Wind is not very important in the formation and dissipation of clouds and precipitation. (17)

Back 69

False

Front 70

What cloud often produces widespread IFR weather? (16)

A. Cirriform

B. Stratiform

C. Cumuliform

Back 70

B

Front 71

________ pressure is a maximum of atmospheric pressure on a surface weather chart; also known as an anti-cyclone. (18)

Back 71

High

Front 72

________ pressure is a minimum of atmospheric pressure on a surface weather chart; also known as a cyclone. (18)

Back 72

Low

Front 73

Air flow around a high ________ in a clockwise motion and ________. (18)

Back 73

diverges; sinks

Front 74

Sinking air ________ and ________. (18)

Back 74

compresses; warms

Front 75

Warming air can hold more water vapor so clouds tend to ________. (18)

Back 75

evaporate

Front 76

Air flow around a low ________ in a counterclockwise motion and ________. (19)

Back 76

converges; rises

Front 77

Rising air ________ and ________. (19)

Back 77

expands; cools

Front 78

________ air can hold less water vapor so some of the invisible vapor may eventually condense into clouds and precipitation. (19)

Back 78

Cooling

Front 79

An ________ is a large body of air that has similar horizontal temperature and moisture characteristics. (20)

Back 79

air mass

Front 80

What are the regions called where air masses originate and acquire their properties of temperature and moisture? (20)

Back 80

Air Mass Source Regions

Front 81

What are the three temperature properties of an air mass? (20)

Back 81

*Arctic (A)

*Polar (P)

*Tropical (T)

Front 82

Which temperature property of an air mass is an extremely deep cold air mass which develops mostly in winter over arctic surfaces of ice and snow? (20)

Back 82

Arctic (A)

Front 83

Which temperature property of an air mass is a relatively shallow cool to cold air mass which develops over high latitudes? (20)

Back 83

Polar (P)

Front 84

Which temperature property of an air mass is a warm to hot air mass which develops over low latitudes? (20)

Back 84

Tropical (T)

Front 85

What are the two moisture properties of an air mass? (20)

Back 85

*Continental (c)

*Maritime (m)

Front 86

Which moisture property of an air mass is a dry air mass which develops over land? (20)

Back 86

Continental (c)

Front 87

Which moisture property of an air mass is a moist air mass which develops over water? (20)

Back 87

Maritime (m)

Front 88

Which two air masses are described as cold and dry? (21)

Back 88

Continental Arctic (cA)

Continental Polar (cP)

Front 89

Which air mass is described as hot and dry? (21)

Back 89

Continental Tropical (cT)

Front 90

Which air mass is described as cool and moist? (21)

Back 90

Maritime Polar (mP)

Front 91

Which air mass is described as warm and moist? (21)

Back 91

Maritime Tropical (mT)

Front 92

A ________ air mass moving over a ________ surface often produces unstable air. (22)

Back 92

cold; warm

Front 93

What type of air mass is associated with turbulence, good visibility, and cumuliform clouds and showers? (22)

Back 93

Cold

Front 94

A ________ air mass moving over a ________ surface often produces stable air. (23)

Back 94

warm; cold

Front 95

What type of air mass is associated with smooth air, poor visibility, stratiform clouds, fog, and drizzle? (23)

Back 95

Warm

Front 96

What type of front is this? (24)

Back 96

Cold front

Front 97

A ________ is a boundary or transition zone between two air masses of different density, and thus, (usually) of different temperature. (24)

Back 97

front

Front 98

What type of front is this? (24)

Back 98

Warm front

Front 99

What type of front is this? (24)

Back 99

Stationary front

Front 100

What type of front is this? (24)

Back 100

Occluded front

Front 101

What type of front is a composite of two fronts as a cold front overtakes a warm or stationary front? (24)

Back 101

Occluded front

Front 102

What type of front is a front which is stationary or nearly so? (24)

Back 102

Stationary front

Front 103

What type of front is a front that moves in such a way that warmer air replaces colder air? (24)

Back 103

Warm front

Front 104

What type of front is a front that move in such a way that colder air replaces warmer air? (24)

Back 104

Cold front

Front 105

True or False: Winds usually come together at the fronts. (25)

Back 105

True

Front 106

True or False: Pressure typically increases as a front approaches and decreases after it passes. (25)

Back 106

False

Front 107

Significant ________ differences exist along frontal zones. (25)

Back 107

temperature

Front 108

What type of front is this? (26)

Back 108

Cold front

Front 109

What type of front is this? (26)

Back 109

Warm front

Front 110

Cold fronts have a ________ slope and air is forced upward abruptly. (26)

Back 110

steep

Front 111

Warm fronts typically have a ________ slope so the air is rising along the frontal surface is gradual. (26)

Back 111

gentle

Front 112

________ fronts typically move faster than ________ fronts. (27)

Back 112

Cold; warm

Front 113

What type of front is this? (27)

Back 113

Occluded front

Front 114

________ is any of the forms of water particles, whether liquid or sold, that fall from the atmosphere and reach the ground. (29)

Back 114

Precipitation

Front 115

Precipitation formation requires what three ingredients? (30)

Back 115

*Water Vapor

*Lift

*Growth Process

Front 116

The ________ distribution of temperature will often determine the type of precipitation that occurs at the surface. (31)

Back 116

vertical

Front 117

________ is precipitation of snow crystals, mostly branched in the form of six-pointed stars. (31)

Back 117

Snow (SN)

Front 118

Snow occurs when the temperature remains below ________ throughout the entire depth of the atmosphere. (31)

Back 118

freezing

Front 119

What type of precipitation is forming in this graphic? (31)

Back 119

Snow

Front 120

________ is precipitation of transparent or translucent pellets of ice, which are round or irregular, rarely conical, and which have a diameter of 0.2" (5mm) or less. Sometimes called "sleet". (32)

Back 120

Ice Pellets (PL)

Front 121

What type of precipitation is forming in this graphic? (32)

Back 121

Ice Pellets

Front 122

Ice pellets occur when there is a ________ layer aloft with above freezing temperature, with a ________ layer of below freezing air based at the surface. (32)

Back 122

shallow; deep

Front 123

________ is rain that freezes on contact with the ground or exposed objects. (33)

Back 123

Freezing Rain (FZRA)

Front 124

Freezing rain occurs when there is a ________ layer aloft with above freezing temperature, with a ________ layer of below freezing air at the surface. (33)

Back 124

deep; shallow

Front 125

True or False: Freezing rain can begin as either rain or snow. (33)

Back 125

True

But it all becomes rain in the warm layer

Front 126

What type of precipitation is forming in this graphic? (33)

Back 126

Freezing Rain

Front 127

________ is precipitation, either in the form of drops larger than 0.02" (0.5mm), or smaller drops, which in contrast to drizzle, are widely separated. (34)

Back 127

Rain (RA)

Front 128

Rain occurs when there is a ________ layer of above freezing air based at the surface. (34)

Back 128

deep

Front 129

What type of precipitation is forming in this graphic? (34)

Back 129

Rain

Front 130

What are the four aviation weather products that the National Weather Service (NWS) issues? (37)

Back 130

*AIRMETS

*SIGMETS

*CONVECTIVE SIGMETS

*TAFs

Front 131

The ________ provides weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warning for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy. (36)

Back 131

National Weather Service (NWS)

Front 132

What are the three Meteorological Watch offices? (37)

Back 132

*Aviation Weather Center (SFO, SLC, CHI, BOS, DFW, MIA)

*Alaska Aviation Weather Unit

*Weather Forecast Office Honolulu

Front 133

How many Weather Forecast offices are there across the United States? (37)

Back 133

122

Front 134

________ are NWS offices located in every ARTCC, providing meteorological consultation, forecasts, and advice to ARTCCs and other FAA facilities. (38)

Back 134

Center Weather Service Units (CWSUs)

Front 135

What type of information do the CWSUs provide to the ARTCC and other FAA facilities regarding weather impacts? (38)

Back 135

*Mission

*Equipment outages and repairs

*Staffing

Front 136

The ________ is staffed by controllers and is the designated interface between CWSU meteorologists and who? (38)

Back 136

ARTCC controllers and FAA facilities within the ARTCC area of responsibility

Front 137

What do the CWSUs issue?

Back 137

Unscheduled Center Weather Advisories (CWAs) and Meteorological Impact Statements (MISs)

Front 138

________ is perhaps the most significant factor which affects the flow of air traffic and account for a significant percentage of all accidents. (1)

Back 138

Weather

Front 139

What is the second most significant fact that affects weather related accidents? (1)

Back 139

Visibility/ceilings

Front 140

An aviation ________ is an atmospheric condition, when encountered in flight, can potentially cause damage to the aircraft, personal injury, a crash, or death. (3)

Back 140

weather hazard

Front 141

What are three factors that influence aviation weather safety? (3)

Back 141

*Pilot ratings and experience

*Aircraft design and performance specifications

*Onboard equipment

Front 142

Regarding pilot ratings and experience, which factors affect aviation weather safety? (3)

Back 142

*Instrument rating

*Visual flight rules

Front 143

Regarding aircraft design and specifications, which factors affect aviation weather safety? (3)

Back 143

*Power

*Speed

*Range

*Service ceiling

Front 144

Regarding onboard equipment, which factors affect aviation weather safety? (3)

Back 144

*De-ice/anti-ice

*Navigational aids (NAVAIDs)

*Autopilot

*Radar

*Lightning detector (Stormscope or Strikefinder)

*Uplink weather

Front 145

________ is responsible for most weather-related accidents. (4)

Back 145

Adverse wind

Front 146

________ and ________ are the most critical periods of any flight and are most susceptible to adverse winds. (4)

Back 146

Takeoff; landing

Front 147

True or False: Adverse winds often trigger air traffic management decisions that aversely impact traffic. (4)

Back 147

True

Front 148

If there is only one runway, ________ determines which direction planes will land or whether they can land at all. (4)

Back 148

wind

Front 149

Name the five different types of adverse wind phenomena. (4)

Back 149

*Crosswinds

*Gusts

*Tailwind

*Variable wind

*Sudden wind shift

Front 150

When used in aviation, a ________ refers to a wind that is not parallel to the runway or path of an aircraft. (5)

Back 150

crosswind

Front 151

Airplanes take off and land ________ efficiently when oriented into the wind. (5)

Back 151

more

Front 152

As the wind turns more perpendicular to the runway to become a crosswind, airplane performance gradually ________. (5)

Back 152

degrades

Front 153

If a pilot does not correctly compensate for the crosswind, what two things may happen? (5)

Back 153

*The aircraft may drift off the side of the runway

*Side load on landing gear might occur, leading to gear collapse

Front 154

A ________ en-route can cause an aircraft to drift off its expected flight path, leading to navigation errors. (5)

Back 154

crosswind

Front 155

A ________ is a sudden, brief increase in the speed of wind. (7)

Back 155

gust

Front 156

A gust ________ airspeed, which ________ lift, and may cause an aircraft to briefly rise. (7)

Back 156

increases; increases

Front 157

Once a gust ends, a sudden ________ of airspeed occurs, which ________ lift and causes the aircraft to sink. (7)

Back 157

decreases, decreases

Front 158

A ________ is any wind more than 90° to the longitudinal axis of the runway. (8)

Back 158

tailwind

Front 159

With a tailwind, a ________ takeoff roll is required. (8)

Back 159

longer

Front 160

With a tailwind, a ________ ground speed is required to generate sufficient ________. (8)

Back 160

higher; lift

Front 161

With a tailwind, a ________ initial rate of climb occurs during takeoff. (8)

Back 161

smaller

Front 162

With a tailwind, a ________ landing roll is required. (8)

Back 162

longer

Front 163

Wind direction is considered to be ________ when during the 2-minute evaluation period, it fluctuates by 60 degrees or more and the wind speed is more than 6 knots. (9)

Back 163

variable

Front 164

Wind direction may also be considered ________ if, during the 2-minute evaluation period, the wind speed is 6 knots or less. (9)

Back 164

variable

Front 165

A term applied to a change in wind direction of 45 degrees or more which takes place in less than 15 minutes and has sustained winds of 10 knots or more throughout the wind shift is called a ________. (9)

Back 165

wind shift

Front 166

A heading can quickly become a ________ or ________. (9)

Back 166

crosswind; tailwind

Front 167

________ airplanes are more affected by tailwinds and crosswinds during takeoff and landing than ________ airplanes. (10)

Back 167

small; large

Front 168

When an airplane is taking off into a headwind, gusts may cause it to ________. (11)

A. drift off the side of the runway

B. bounce on the runway

C. roll off the end of the runway

Back 168

B

Front 169

A variable wind can be hazardous on takeoff and landing because it could ________. (11)

A. cause engine failure

B. cause the pilot to experience vertigo

C. quickly become a crosswind or tailwind

Back 169

C

Front 170

Which type of aircraft will perform better in adverse wind conditions, due to its higher takeoff and approach speeds? (11)

A. Larger airplanes

B. Smaller airplanes

C. Helicopters

Back 170

A

Front 171

Continued ________ flight into ________ weather is the single greatest cause of fatal accidents. (13)

Back 171

visual; IFR

Front 172

Most aircraft accidents related to IFR weather involve pilots who are not ________. (13)

Back 172

instrument qualified

Front 173

________ is the feeling that you or your environment is moving or spinning. (13)

Back 173

Vertigo

Front 174

A ________ is the lowest layer aloft reported as broken or overcast, or the vertical visibility into an indefinite ceiling. (14)

Back 174

ceiling

Front 175

An ________ is the ceiling classification that is applied when the reported ceiling value represents the vertical visibility upward into a surface-based obscuration. (14)

Back 175

indefinite ceiling

Front 176

Which of the two ceilings in this graphic are more hazardous? (14)

Back 176

Indefinite ceiling

Front 177

________ is a visible aggregate of minute droplets based at the Earth's surface and reducing horizontal visibility to less than 5/8 SM. Unlike drizzle, it does not fall to the ground. (15)

Back 177

Fog

Front 178

What is a cloud on the ground? (15)

Back 178

Fog

*Ken's way of remembering it

Front 179

Fog forms when the temperature and dew point of the air become ________. (15)

Back 179

identical (or nearly so)

Front 180

True or False: For forms really slowly, allowing time for pilots to react. (15)

Back 180

False

Front 181

True or False: The base of fog is above the Earth's surface. (15)

Back 181

False

Front 182

________ is any of the forms of water particles, whether liquid or solid, that fall from the atmosphere and reach the ground. (16)

Back 182

Precipitation

Front 183

Name the three types of precipitation that most commonly produce IFR weather. (16)

Back 183

*Rain

*Drizzle

*Snow

Front 184

________ seldom reduces surface visibility below 1 mile, except in brief, heavy showers. (16)

Back 184

Rain

Front 185

________ may reduce visibility to zero. (16)

Back 185

Heavy snow

Front 186

________ is snow lifted from the surface of the Earth by the wind to a height of 6 feet or more above the ground and blow about in such quantities that the reported horizontal visibility is reduced to less than 7 SM. (17)

Back 186

Blowing snow

Front 187

What type of snow is most prone to being blown by the wind? (17)

Back 187

Light, dry, powdery

Front 188

True or False: Snow falling from clouds is not required to produce blowing snow. (17)

Back 188

True

Front 189

Blowing snow is one of the classic requirements of a ________. (17)

Back 189

blizzard

Front 190

________ is tiny particles of rock powder that originate from a volcano and that may remain suspended in the atmosphere for long periods. (18)

Back 190

Volcanic ash

Front 191

Ingestion of volcanic ash into an engine can lead to partial or total ________. (18)

Back 191

power loss

Front 192

________ is a weather phenomena causing the obscuration of mountain peaks cause by clouds, precipitation, smoke, haze, mist, or fog. (19)

Back 192

Mountain obscuration

Front 193

________ are issued for widespread mountain obscuration. (19)

Back 193

AIRMETs

Front 194

An irregular motion of an aircraft in flight, especially when characterized by rapid up-and-down motion, caused by a rapid variation of atmospheric wind velocities is called ________. (21)

Back 194

aircraft turbulence

Front 195

What are the three causes of turbulence? (21)

Back 195

*Convective currents

*Obstructions to wind flow

*Wind shear

Front 196

What type of turbulence is vertical motions that result from convective currents and the subsequent rising and sinking of air? (22)

Back 196

Convective Turbulence

Front 197

On what type of day are convective currents most active? (22)

Back 197

Warm summer afternoons when winds are light

Front 198

What type of clouds indicate convective turbulence? (22)

Back 198

Billowy cumuliform

Front 199

What marks the upper limits of a convective current? (22)

Back 199

The cloud top

Front 200

What type of turbulence is caused by obstructions, such as trees, buildings, and mountains? (23)

Back 200

Mechanical turbulence

Front 201

What two things are mechanical turbulence intensity directly related to? (23)

Back 201

*Wind speed

*Roughness of the obstruction

Front 202

What type of turbulence is an atmospheric wave disturbance formed whens stable air flow passes over a mountain or mountain ridge? (24)

Back 202

Mountain wave

Front 203

Mountain waves develop above and ________ of mountains. (24)

Back 203

downwind

Front 204

How far may mountain waves extend downwind from the mountain range? (24)

Back 204

100 miles or more

Front 205

What intensity of turbulence does mountain wave turbulence frequently produce? (24)

Back 205

Severe to extreme

Front 206

A change in wind speed and/or wind direction in a short distance resulting in a shearing effect is called ________. (26)

Back 206

wind shear

*this is also a type of turbulence

Front 207

What are three important conditions associated with wind shear? (26)

Back 207

*Wind shear with low-level temperature inversion

*Wind shear with a frontal zone

*Clear air turbulence associated with the jet stream

Front 208

________ is a layer in which temperature increases with altitude. (27)

Back 208

Temperature inversion

Front 209

Inversions occur: (27)

Back 209

*Within the lowest few thousand feet above ground due to nighttime cooling

*Along frontal zones

*When cold air is trapped in a valley

Front 210

What is the interface or transition zone between two air masses of different density called? (27)

Back 210

Frontal zone

Front 211

The degree of turbulence depends on the ________ of the wind shear. (27)

Back 211

magnitude

Front 212

________ is a higher altitude (20,000 - 50,000 ft) turbulence phenomenon occurring in cloud-free regions, associated with wind shear, particularly between the core of a jet stream and the surrounding air. (28)

Back 212

Clear Air Turbulence (CAT)

Front 213

Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) frequency and intensity are maximized during which season (when the jet streams are the strongest)? (28)

Back 213

Winter

Front 214

What are the four different intensity classifications of turbulence? (29)

Back 214

*Light (LGT)

*Moderate (MOD)

*Severe (SEV)

*Extreme (EXTRM)

Front 215

What type of turbulence causes the following aircraft reaction: (29)

Momentarily causes slight, erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude (pitch, roll, yaw)

Back 215

Light (LGT)

Front 216

What type of turbulence causes the following aircraft reaction: (29)

Changes in altitude and/or attitude occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times. It usually causes variations in indicated airspeed.

Back 216

Moderate (MOD)

Front 217

What type of turbulence causes the following aircraft reaction: (29)

Causes large, abrupt changes in altitude and/or attitude. It usually causes large variations in indicated airspeed. Aircraft may be momentarily out of control.

Back 217

Severe (SEV)

Front 218

What type of turbulence causes the following aircraft reaction: (29)

Aircraft is violently tossed about and is practically impossible to control. It may cause structural damage

Back 218

Extreme (EXTRM)

Front 219

What type of turbulence causes the following reaction inside the aircraft: (29)

Occupants may feel a slight strain against seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects may be displaced slightly. Food service may be conducted and little or no difficulty is encountered in walking.

Back 219

Light (LGT)

Front 220

What type of turbulence causes the following reaction inside the aircraft: (29)

Occupants feel definite strains against seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects are dislodged. Food service and walking are difficult.

Back 220

Moderate (MOD)

Front 221

What type of turbulence causes the following reaction inside the aircraft: (29)

Occupants are forced violently against seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects are tossed about. Food service and walking are impossible.

Back 221

Severe (SEV)

Front 222

________ is a category of turbulence which causes rapid and somewhat rhythmic bumpiness without appreciable changes in altitude or attitude. May be reported as light or moderate. (29)

Back 222

Chop

Front 223

Regarding aircraft reaction to turbulence, what are the five factors that affect the aircraft? (30)

Back 223

*Difference in windspeed in adjacent currents

*Aircraft size

*Wing loading

*Airspeed

*Aircraft attitude

Front 224

Which of the following clouds would provide visual proof that a mountain wave exists? (31)

A. Rotor cloud

B. Towering Cumulus (TCU)

C. Cumulonimbus (CB)

Back 224

A

Front 225

What generates turbulence between two wind currents of differing wind directions and/or speeds? (32)

A. Wind shear

B. Obstructions to the wind flow

C. Convective currents

Back 225

A