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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 Characteristics of life |
Cells Growth and development Metabolism Respond to stimuli Reproduction |
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Prokaryotic Vs Eukaryotic |
P-bacteria and archaea, single-celled, no membrane-bound organelles E-organelles enclosed by membranes, nucleus contains DNA |
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Definition of evolution |
The change in allele frequency through time, generation after generation, in groups of individuals called populations |
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The 4 mechanisms of evolution |
Natural Selection Mutation Migration Genetic Drift |
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Definition of Natural Selection |
Demands placed on the organism by the environment with which the organism must cope to continue to survive and reproduce Some organisms have greater total success than others |
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What three things are necessary for natural Selection to occur? |
Variation of a trait Differential reproduction Heredity |
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Evolution can lead to adaptation because adaptation is... |
Inherited characteristics that enhance an organisms survival in a particular environment Phenomenon of organism being well-suited to its environment Process by which organisms become well-suited to specific demands of the environment |
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Difference between evolution and natural selection |
Selection will not always lead to evolutionary change because if traits aren't heritable (passed down from parents) selection won't lead to evolutionary change There are other mechanisms of evolution |
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In order, list the Hierarchical Taxonomic Classification System |
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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What causes phenotype |
Genes and environment interact to produce the phenotype Phenotype = physical or chemical expression of an organisms genes + environment |
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Definition of science |
Science is a way of thinking and a method of investigating the natural world in a systematic manner in which we generate testable hypotheses, evaluate these hypotheses, update and modify our ideas |
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Properties of a good hypothesis |
Based on previous research Repeatable Falsifiable (able to be proven false) |
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Understand what an experiment is |
Involves some sort of carefully controlled and randomized manipulation |
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Properties of a good experiment |
2+ groups (usually control and experimental) Need to be replicated Experimental group varies from control group only with respect to the variable being studied |
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Properties of a good correlational study |
Must be repeatable No independent variables |
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Define element |
A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by normal chemical reactions |
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What 4 elements are essential for life and why |
Carbon (backbone of organic molecules) Hydrogen and oxygen (components of water) Nitrogen (components of proteins and amino acids) |
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Why's ocean acidification happening |
Humans are pumping massive amounts of fossil fuels into the atmosphere |
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Why is carbon the backbone of organic molecules |
Can form 4 covalent bonds with up to 4 atoms Single, double, or triple bonds Can form straight or branched chains or join into rings (Carbon bonds are strong and not easily broken) |
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Define hydrocarbons |
Organic compounds consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
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Define isomer |
Compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structures |
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Describe Carbohydrates |
Most abundant group of organic compounds on earth Sugars and starches serve as energy for cells Cellulose is the main structural component of cell walls |
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What are monosaccharides |
Simple sugars Glucose, fructose, and ribose Glucose and fructose are isomers |
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What are Disaccharides |
2 monosaccharides joined together Maltose and sucrose |
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What are Polysaccharides |
Most carbohydrates are Polysaccharides Long chains of repeating simple sugars Starch, glycogen, and cellulose |
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What are lipids |
They're characterized by the fact that they are soluble in some solvents (ether and chloroform) and relatively insoluble in water Fats Phospholipids Carotenoids Steroids Waxes |
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What's a protein |
Macromolecules composed of amino acids The most versatile cell component Involved in almost all aspects of metabolism because most enzymes are proteins |
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How is protein function determined |
The chains that make up a protein are twisted or folded to form a macromolecule with a specific conformation The amino acid sequence of a protein determines its conformation Protein conformation determines function |
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How many amino acids are naturally incorporated into proteins |
20 |
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What are nucleic acids |
Transmit hereditary information and determine which proteins a cell manufactures
2 types of nucleic acids Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) composes genes and contains instructions for making proteins
Ribonucleic acid(RNA) participates in which amino acids are linked Composed of: A 5-Carbon sugar One or more phosphate group Nitrogenous base |
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What makes up the nitrogenous base |
Purines (adenine and guanine) Pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine) A and T ; C and G |
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What are the basics of cell theory |
Basic units of organization and function in all living organisms All cells come from other cells All living cells have evolved from a common ancestor |
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Why is cell size limited |
Must maintain homeostasis Ratio of surface area to volume Plasma membrane must be big enough to keep up with the demands of the cell Volume increases at a greater rate than surface area |
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What's a ribosome do |
Tiny particles found free in cytoplasm or attached to certain membranes Contain enzyme necessary to form peptide bonds, which join amino acids to produce polypeptides |
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What's a vesicle |
Used to transport materials between organelles |
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What's the endoplasmic reticulum do |
Maze of parallel internal membranes that encircle the nucleus and extend into many regions of the cytoplasm Smooth ER synthesizes lipids Rough ER important in protein synthesis |
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What's the Golgi complex do |
Processes, sorts, and modifies proteins |
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What do lysosomes do |
Compartments for digestion Exercise influences autophagy and lysosome activity |
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What is a vacuole |
Large, fluid-filled sacs with many functions |
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What do the mitochondria and chloroplast do |
Energy converting organelles Must convert into energy Mitochondria makes ATP through cellular respiration Converts chemical energy into foods for ATP |
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What's a biological membrane |
Selectively permeable membrane that helps maintain homeostasis in the cell Proteins are embedded in the fluid bilayer of cell membranes |
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What's every cell surrounded by |
A plasma membrane |
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What's biological membranes allow |
The evolution of complex cells Extensive internal membranes of Eukaryotic cells form compartments with unique environments that allow specialized activity to occur |
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What are the functions of biological membranes |
Regulate passage of materials Divide the cell into compartments Serve as surfaces for chemical reactions Adhere to and communicate with other cells Transmit signals between the environment and interior of the cell Also an essential part of energy transfer and storage systems |
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How do particles move through membranes |
Transport proteins move ions and small polar molecules through the cell membrane Many ions and polar molecules move through membranes by diffusion When cells require substances in higher concentration than their concentration outside of the cell, active transport is necessary |
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Define endocytosis |
Materials are taken into the cell and this requires energy |
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Define exocytosis |
Materials are ejected from the cell and this requires energy |
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What can cells do when close together |
Develop intracellular junctions allowing them to: Form strong connections Prevent the passage of materials Establish rapid communication between one another |
