Biology 100- Review For Exam #1

Front 1

What are the levels of organizations in living things?

Back 1

A. Atom
B. Molecule
C. Cell
D. Tissue
E. Organ
F. Organ System
G. Multicellular organism
H. Population
I. Community
J. Ecosystem
K. The Biosphere

Front 2

All regions of the Earth's waters, crust, and atmosphere in which organisms live.

Back 2

Biosphere

Front 3

The smallest living unit; an organized unit that can survive and reproduce on its own, given DNA instructions and suitable environmental conditions, including appropriate sources of energy and raw materials.

Back 3

Cell

Front 4

A physiological state in which the physical and chemical conditions of the internal environment are being maintained within tolerable ranges.

Back 4

Homeostasis

Front 5

Change within a line of descent over time.

Back 5

Evolution

Front 6

Life's organization is sustained by a flow of energy from the sun and the cycling of raw materials among organisms.

Back 6

True

Front 7

What is the scientific method?

Back 7

1. Observe some aspect of the natural world and identify a question or problem to be explored.
2. Develop a hypothesis.
3. Make a prediction.
4. Test the accuracy of the prediction.
5. Repeat the tests or develop new ones.
6. Objectively analyze and report the test results and conclusions.

Front 8

An educated guess about the answer to a questions, or a solution to a problem, that is reaised by an observation.

Back 8

Hypothesis

Front 9

An experiment that tests only one prediction of a hypothesis at a time.

Back 9

Controlled experiment

Front 10

In a scientific experiment, a group used to evaluate possible side effects of a test involving an experimental group. Ideally, it should differ from the experimental group only with respect to the variable being studied.

Back 10

Control group

Front 11

Of a scientific experiment, the only factor that is not the same in the experimental group as it is in the control group. It is a specific aspect of an object or event that may differ over time and between subjects.

Back 11

Variable

Front 12

A testable explanation of a broad range of related phenomena. In modern science, only explanations that have been extensively tested and can be relied on with a very high degree of confidence are accorded the status of ______.

Back 12

Theory

Front 13

The smallest unit of matter that is unique to a particular element.

Back 13

Atom

Front 14

Positively charged particule, one or more of which is present in the atomic nucleus.

Back 14

Proton

Front 15

Negatively charged unit of matter, with both particulate and wavelike properties, that occupies one of the orbitals around the atomic nucleus. Atoms can gain, lose, or share ______ with other atoms.

Back 15

Electrons

Front 16

Unit of matter, one or more of which occupies that atomic nucleus. _____ have mass, but no electric charge.

Back 16

Neurtrons

Front 17

The four main elements in the body are what?

Back 17

1. Oxygen
2. Carbon
3. Hydrogen
4. Nitrogen

Front 18

Any element that represents less than 0.01 percent of body weight.

Back 18

Trace element

Front 19

Know how to figure out how many protons, neutrons, and electrons an atom has. What does the atomic number tell you? What does the mass number tell you? What is the atomic mass?

Back 19

Blah

Front 20

An atom that has either lost or gained one or more electrons is an ______, acquiring a positive or negative charge. In this bond, ions of opposite charge attract each other and stay together.

Back 20

ion

Front 21

In a ______ ____, atoms share one or more electrons.

Back 21

Covalent bond

Front 22

A ______ _____ is a weak bond between polar molecules. A small, electronegative atom interacts weakly with a weakly positive hydrogen atom that is already part of a polar covalent bond.

Back 22

Hydrogen bond

Front 23

For a given element, an atom with the same number of protons as the other atoms but with a different number of neutrons. They are different versions of the same elements. What's different is their mass.

Back 23

Isotopes

Front 24

Joined atoms have opposite charges.

Back 24

Ionic

Front 25

Strong; joined atoms share electrons.

Back 25

Covalent

Front 26

Weak; joina a H atom in one polar molecule with an electronegative atom in another polar molecule.

Back 26

Hydrogen

Front 27

What does radioactive isotopes do?

Back 27

1. To trace where molecules are in the body (trace blood flow)
2. Cancer treatment
3. Provide energy for pacemakers
4. Diagnose diseases

Front 28

What is the job of the thyroid gland?

Back 28

Your thyroid gland is one of the endocrine glands, which make hormones to regulate physiological functions in your body. The thyroid gland manufactures thyroid hormone, which regulates the rate at which your body carries on its necessary functions. Other endocrine glands are the pancreas, the pituitary, the adrenal glands, the parathyroid glands, the testes, and the ovaries.

The thyroid gland is located in the middle of the lower neck, below the larynx (voice box) and just above your clavicles (collarbones). It is shaped like a "bow tie," having two halves (lobes): a right lobe and a left lobe joined by an "isthmus.". You can't always feel a normal thyroid gland.

Front 29

What is injected for treating thyroid?

Back 29

Radioactive iodine isotope is injected.

Front 30

What are the sources of iodine in our diet?

Back 30

Seafood and table salt

Front 31

A union between the electron structures of two or more atoms or ions.

Back 31

Chemical bond

Front 32

Why do chemical bonds form?

Back 32

An atom by itself is not stable. They form to make atoms stable. They have to act with other atoms to achieve stability.

Front 33

1st shell-
2nd shell-
3rd shell-

Back 33

1st shell- 2e-
2nd shell- 8e-
3rd shell- 8e-

Front 34

Which chemical bonds are strong?

Back 34

Nonpolar covalent bond (strongest), ionic bond (not as strong alone but still strong), and polar covalent bond

Front 35

Equal sharing of 2 electrons by the atoms involved. E.g. H2 gas; it is the strongest chemical bond and takes a lot of work to break it and stores a lot of energy.

Back 35

Nonpolar covalent bond

Front 36

A bond between ions (charged atoms)
NA+ (lost 1 e-) CL- (gained 1 e-)

Back 36

Ionic bond

Front 37

Sharing of two electrons, but not equally. Electrons are more strongly pulled to one end. E.g. water is a polar molecule (one end + one end -).

Back 37

Polar covalent bond

Front 38

Which chemical bonds are weakest?

Back 38

Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interaction,

Front 39

In a _________ ________, water is polar (+ or -). Polar molecules dissolves in water.

Back 39

hydrophilic (water loving)

Front 40

In a ________ _______, non polar molecules (no + or -) do not dissolve well in water.

Back 40

hydrophobic (water fearing)

Front 41

Grease droplets are _________ after leaving frying pan in sink.

Back 41

hydrophobic

Front 42

A simple sugar or large molecule composed of sugar units. All cells use this as structural materials, energy stores, and transportable forms of energy. There are 3 classes of this.

Back 42

Carbohydrates

Front 43

What are the 3 functions of carbohydrates?

Back 43

1. Quick energy; easiest & preferred
2. Store energy (i.e. muscle)
3. Structural

Front 44

The simplest carbohydrate, with only one sugar unit. Ring kind of structure. Examples?

Back 44

Monosaccharides
Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose

Front 45

A carbohydrate consisting of a short chain of two or more covalently bonded sugar units. One subclass, disaccharides, has two sugar units. Examples?

Back 45

Oligosaccharide
Examples: Sucrose (everyday table sugar), Maltose (glucose + glacose), Lactose (glucose + galactose)

Front 46

What is organic?

Back 46

Made of carbon and hydrogen

Front 47

The _________ kill weeds by disrupting a target plant's metabolism and growth.

Back 47

Herbicides

Front 48

Most _______ cause a target insect to suffocate, prevent its nerves and muscles from functioning properly, or block its reproduction.

Back 48

Insecticides

Front 49

________ work against harmful fungi.

Back 49

Fungicides

Front 50

What are the drawbacks to the use of pesticides?

Back 50

Some of them kill birds and other predators that, in natural settings, help control pests. Some, such as DDT, stay active for years. Pesticides should not be released haphazardly into the environment, for people can inhale them, ingest them along with food, or absorb them through the skin.

Front 51

A straight or branched chain of hundreds of thousands of covalently linked sugar units of the same or different kinds. The most common of these are also what?

Back 51

Polysaccharide
Examples: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

Front 52

The simplest carbohydrates

Back 52

Monosaccharides

Front 53

Found in plants and how plants store energy.

Back 53

Starch

Front 54

How animals store energy

Back 54

Glycogen

Front 55

Found in plants and used for structure in plants.

Back 55

Fibers

Front 56

Why should we have a high fiber diet?

Back 56

1. Decreased intestinal diseases including colon cancer
2. Lowers blood cholesterol level

Front 57

Thousands of glucose in chains.

Back 57

Polymers

Front 58

What does it mean to be lactose intolerant?

Back 58

Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest significant amounts of lactose, the major sugar found in milk. Lactose intolerance is caused by a shortage of the enzyme lactase, which is produced by the cells that line the small intestine. Lactase breaks down milk sugar into two simpler forms of sugar called glucose and galactose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. Not all people deficient in lactase have the symptoms commonly associated with lactose intolerance, but those who do are said to have lactose intolerance.

Front 59

Symptoms of lactose intolerance?

Back 59

Gas, bloating, cramps

Front 60

What is the formal name for Diabetes?

Back 60

Diabetes mellitus

Front 61

What is blood sugar goes down?

Back 61

In the pancreas, alpha cells will sense blood sugar is low. Glucacoon (hormone) is released into the blood stream. Cells with glucaoon receptors respond (i.e. liver cells).

Front 62

What are the similar symptoms of type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes?

Back 62

-Excessive urination
-Excessive thirst
-Unexplained weight loss

Front 63

What are the characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes?

Back 63

-5% affected
-Diagnosed more in children
-Destroyed Beta cells in pancreas not working so no insulin is made. Blood sugar stays high, body has to break down other things.
-Treatment- insulin injections, monitor diet

Front 64

What are the characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes?

Back 64

-90-95% affected; most common
-Diagnosed in adults
-Risk factors- being a fat ass, lack of exercise
-Problem- insulin is made but cells don't respond to it

Front 65

What rae the characteristics of gestationary diabetes?

Back 65

-Only when pregnant
-Tends to happen if baby is big