Biology Chapter 1-3 Exam Review

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Biology

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The Scientifific study of life

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Biosphere

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all the environments on earth that support life

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Ecosystem

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All the organisms in a given area, along with the non-living (abiotic) factors with which they interact; a biological community

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Population

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includes all the individuals of a particular species living in an area (ex: human population)

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Organism

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an individual living thing

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Organ
system

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circulatory or nervous system consists of several organs that cooperate in a specific function; a group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions

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Organ

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specialized structure composed of several different types of tissues that together perform specific functions

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Tissues

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an integrated group of cells with a common function structure or both

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Cell

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a basic unit of living matter separated from its environment by a plasma membrane; the fundamental structural unit of life.

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Organelle

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a membrane enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell

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Molecules

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2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

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Hierarchy of Life

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Biosphere-ecosystem-community-population-organism-organ system-organ-tissue-cell-organelle-molecule

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Emergent properties

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new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life owning to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

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prokaryotic cells

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No nucleus; a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus found only on domain bacteria and archaea

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Eukaryotic cells

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a type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. All organisms except bacteria and archea are composed of eukaryotic cells

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systems biology

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an approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the systems parts.

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Genes

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a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA. Genes are carried by the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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genome

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The complete set of genetic material of an organism or virus

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Domains

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A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The 3 domains of life are

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

(B.A.E.)

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Bacteria

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1 of 2 prokaryotic domains of life the other is Archaea

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Archaea

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1 of 2 prokaryotic domains of life, the other is bacteria.

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Eukarya

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Domain of life that includes all eukaryotic organisms

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Evolution

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Descent with modification the idea that living species are descendants of ancestrial species that were different from present day ones; also the genetic changes in a population from generation to generation.

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Natural Selection

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A process in which indivduals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals that do not have those traits

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Hypothesis

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a proposed explanation for a set of observations

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Theory

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a widely accepted explanatory idea that is broader in scope than a hypothesis generates new hypotheses and is supported by a large body of evidence.

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Controlled experiment

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an experiment in which an experiment is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested (1 factor change only)

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Artificial Selection

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The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits

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Technology

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the application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research

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Matter

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anything that occupies space and has mass

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Element

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a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical means

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Compound

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a substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio. For example NaCl (table salt) consists of one atom of the element sodium (NA) for every atom of Chlorine (Cl) 2:1 ratio

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Trace elements

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an element that is essential for life but required in extremely minute amounts

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Atom

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the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element; cannot be broken by chemical means

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Proton

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a subatomic particle with a single positive electric charge, found in the nucleus of an atom

(+) charge

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Electron

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a subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge

(-) charge

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Neutron

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(neutral) a nerve cell; specialized for carrying signals from one location in the body to another.

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Nucleus

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atoms central core: contains protons and neutrons; contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes made of chromatin.

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Atomic Number

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The number of protons in each atom of a particular element. "keeping it positive!"

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Mass Number

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the sum of protons and neutrons in an atoms nuclus

(P+N=)

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Atomic mass

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the total mass of an atom; also called atomic weight. Equals the mass number

(Atomic # = Mass #)

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Isotopes

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one of several atomic forms of an element each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

example:

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Radioactive isotopes

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nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles & energy for example example: x-rays, cat scans

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electron shells

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a level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom

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Chemical bonds

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an attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer shell electrons . The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells

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Covalent bond

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a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

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Molecule

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two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond

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Electronegativity

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the attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.

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Non-polar covalent bonds

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a type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of a similar electronegativity.

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Polar covalent bonds

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A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity; The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom making it slightly more negative and the other atom slightly positive

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Ion

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an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons thus acquiring a charge

.

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Ionic bond

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a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions

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Salt

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a compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond

NaCl= table salt

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Hydrogen Bond

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a type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

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Polar molecule

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a molecule containing polar covalent bonds and having an unequal distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule

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Chemical reactions

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the making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter.

They do not create or destroy matter, they only rearrange it in various ways.

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reactants

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a starting material in a chemical reaction

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Products

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an ending material in a chemical reaction

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Cohesion

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the sticking together of molecules of the same kind often by hydrogen bonds

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Adhesion

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the attraction between different kinds of molecules

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Surface tension

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a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules.

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Thermal Energy

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Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules energy in its most random form

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Heat

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thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

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temperature

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a measure in degrees of the average thermal energy of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter

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Evaporative cooling

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the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation (sweating cools the body temperature)

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Solution

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a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances (ex: a mixed drink)

Salt + Water = Salt solution.

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Solvent

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The dissolving agent of a solution; water is the most versatile solvent known

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Solute

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a substance that is dissolved in a solution

ex: kool aid or salt

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Aqueous solution

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a solution in which water is the solvent

(ex: saline drops)

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Acid

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a substance that releases (increases) the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution (ex: soda)

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Base

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A substance that accepts (decreases) the Hydrogen ion concentration in a solution (H+)

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Ph Scale

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A measure of the acidity of a solution ranging in value from 0(most acidic) to 14 (most basic)

PH_ Potential Hydrogen refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions

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Buffers

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chemical substance that resists changes in PH by accepting hydrogen ions from or donating hydrogen ions to solutions

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Ocean acidification

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Decreasing PH of ocean waves due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels.