Biol2230 Wk 13 Pt 2

Front 1

Type of vaccine that is most effective but 'less safe'

Back 1

live attenuated

Front 2

Type of vaccine that typically does NOT require booster shots

Back 2

live attenuated

Front 3

Type(s) of vaccines that typically DO require booster shots

Back 3

- killed/inactive

- toxoid

-acellular/subunit

Front 4

List some public arguments against vaccination

Back 4

- the diseases no longer exist

- the diseases aren't that bad

- vaccines can cause adverse reactions ranging from fever to seizures, brain damage, death

- believed vaccine - autism link

Front 5

What is the professional response to 'diseases no longer exist'?

Back 5

The microorgs that cause the disease DO still exist. We just don't see the diseases very often thanks to vaccines

Front 6

What is the professional response to 'diseases aren't that bad'?

Back 6

Mostly said because they are unaware of life threatening potential of these diseases as they are seldom seen nowadays.

Front 7

What are some possible complications of measles?

Back 7

typically results in high fever, however can develop into pneumonia and in severe cases can develop into encephalitis

Front 8

What are some possible complications of haemophilius influenza (spelling?) type b?

Back 8

known as "HiB" shot/vaccine

can causes meningitis

can cause epiglottitus (closing off airway)

Front 9

If HiB is an acellular/subunit vaccine, why are booster shots not necessary?

Back 9

extra immunization against disease is generally only needed in childhood in the vaccine form. After infancy/early childhood, own immune system is generally capable of fighting off disease by itself

Front 10

What 2 categories of vaccine types does whooping cough/pertussis show up in?

Back 10

-killed/inactive (original DTP)

- acellular/subunit (current DaTP)

Front 11

What was the problem with the original whooping cough vaccine?

Back 11

caused high fever (105+ degrees) in some who got it

sometimes resulted in seizures

sometimes caused permanent brain damage

some even died

Front 12

If there were problems with the original whooping cough vaccine, why did they continue to give it for so many years?

Back 12

even though it carried a moderate risk of high fever and a slight risk of causing permanent brain damage/death, the numbers of ppl who had these reactions from the vaccine were still far less than the numbers who had those complications from the actual disease

Front 13

What does the 'a' stand for in the DaTP vaccine?

Back 13

acelleular

Front 14

How safe is the new DaTP vaccine?

Back 14

very small number have developed a high fever but no deaths have been reported (so far)

Front 15

What type of microorganism causes pertussis? Explain how this caused problems with the original killed/inactive vaccine.

Back 15

caused by gram negative bacteria

endotoxins in the inactive vaccine led to high fever/seizures/brain damage/death

Front 16

Explain the story that led to the public perception of an autism-vaccine link. Name the man involved. Name the vaccine and specific disease involved.

Back 16

In 1998, Andrew Wakefield, UK doctor, published article in prominent medical journal suggesting link between autism and the measles component of the MMR vaccine. Later discovered he colluded with lawyer friend to establish a basis for very profitable lawsuit against big medicine. He recruited 12 kids who had problems with MMR vaccine and altered their medical records to fit his report. Found guilty/lost medical license/no jail time

Front 17

List 2 possible problems associated with vaccines

Back 17

- some people are 'allergic' to antibiotics in vaccines

- some people are 'allergic' to eggs in vaccines

Front 18

A vaccine for what kind of disease would contain eggs? Why?

Back 18

Vaccines for viruses could contain eggs

viruses are grown in chicken and duck eggs for vaccine use

Front 19

What are 'allergies'/hypersensitivities?

Back 19

excessive immune response that does more harm than good

Front 20

What is a Type 1 allergy?

Back 20

aka immediate, aka anaphylatic

severe, immediate over-response of immune system to a pathogen/toxin due to overproduction of IgE antibodies

Front 21

What are some examples of Type 1 allergies?

Back 21

egg allergy

bee sting

Front 22

Define allergen

Back 22

the antigen that an individual is allergic to

ie venom in bee sting

Front 23

Define sensitization

Back 23

first exposure to the allergen; allows initial production of IgE antibodies (following IgM antibodies) that will later cause type 1 allergic reaction upon exposure to allergen

Front 24

Explain how/in what way that type 1 allergies are often genetic

Back 24

the propensity for having type 1 allergies is often genetic, but the allergen itself can vary.

For example mom may be allergic to eggs, dad may be allergic to penicillin but kid may be allergic to bee sting.

Essentially there is a genetic predisposition to make (over-make) IgE antibodies

Front 25

Explain why sensitization is necessary for a type 1 allergic response?

Back 25

the sensitization is the first exposure to the allergen. Initially person would make IgM antibodies, but eventually would make IgE antibodies. It is the overproduction of IgE antibodies that cause the type 1 allergic reaction. However, the IgE antibodies aren't fully active until second (or subsequent) exposures.

Front 26

Explain 'safe threshold' and how it relates to type 1 allergies

Back 26

a 'safe threshold' is a level at which antibodies (specifically IgE) are made in an appropriate quantity. If a person has a type 1 allergy, it may take only 2 exposures to the allergen to cause a type 1 reaction. However, it may take multiple exposures to the allergen before the person makes IgE antibodies above the safe threshold level, causing the type 1 allergic reaction

Front 27

Why is it specifically IgE antibodies that cause a type 1 allergic reaction?

Back 27

IgE's (tails) connect with basophils in blood and mast cells in tissues. Once connected, basophils and mast cells can release chemicals that cause vasodilation and inflammatory response

Front 28

What are the chemicals released by basophils and mast cells that cause vasodilation and inflammatory response?

Back 28

histamines

prostaglandins

kinins

leukotrienes

Front 29

Explain what response causes swelling and what response causes redness in a type 1 allergic response

Back 29

chemical that cause inflammatory response cause swelling

chemicals that cause vasodilation cause redness

Front 30

Although vasodilation can cause shock and result in shutting down of major organs, what more commonly causes death in a type 1 allergic response?

Back 30

When allergen is systemic (blood-basophils), allergen gets to airway, causing fluid build up which leads to suffocation, leading cause of death in type 1 allergic response. Much quicker reaction than the shutting down of organ systems seen in shock caused by vasodilation

Front 31

anaphylactic shock

Back 31

without and against protection )/immune response). ie your body is working without protection and its own immune system is working against it

Front 32

Treatment for type 1 allergic response

Back 32

epi pen which contains adrenaline

Front 33

How does an epipen work?

Back 33

take off cap and pop it into pt's thigh.

delivers huge dose of epinephrine/adrenaline that reverses broncho-constriction and reverses vasodilation (or put in other words, causes broncho-dilation and causes vasoconstriction)

Front 34

Explain aseptic technique in relation to treatment of type 1 allergic response

Back 34

don't worry about it. So life threatening, aseptic technique is not a concern. Can be popped right through clothes, into dirty skin, etc

Front 35

After injecting a person with an epi-pen, what do you do? Why?

Back 35

Take them to ER

although the adrenaline helped them get over the initial reaction, because it is quick acting, it is also short lived and additional doses may be necessary

Front 36

What are the 2 types of type 1 allergies? How are they determined?

Back 36

systemic - gets into blood

localized - in skin

determined by how allergen gets into body

Front 37

What are some examples of localized type 1 allergies?

Back 37

hay fever

allergic asthma

allergic hives

Front 38

Hay fever

Back 38

allergen in nose and throat only

typically treated with antihistamine

Front 39

allergic asthma

Back 39

allergen deeper in airway, into bronchial tubes

although localized, can still be life threatening due to inability to breathe

Front 40

allergic hives

Back 40

big, swollen rash

usually seen after eating food/ingesting medicine that person is allergic to

Front 41

Prevention of type 1 allergies

Back 41

avoid allergen if possible

keep epi-pen on hand