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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Things that fall under innate: first line of defense: |
1. physical barriers to invasion (skin, mucus membranes) 2. washing action (tears, sweat, urine) 3. mucus and cilia (traps and sweeps out) 4. chemicals ((lysozyme, salt, antimicro peptides, acid/bases) 5. normal microbiota
(Please Wash My Cute Nikes) |
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Things that fall under innate: second line of defense: |
1. phagocytosis 2. inflammation 3. fever 4. chemical defenses (interferons, complement, iron-binding proteins) 5. NK cells |
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When inflammation becomes chronic and causes more harm than good, what identifier is typically associated with these types of diseases? |
diseases ending in "-itis" |
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What meds are typically used for "-itis" diseases? |
antihistamines leukotriene inhibitors |
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What 2 ways does fever help defend against pathogens? |
- changes environment to denature enzymes in pathogen to kill it - higher temp helps speed up the phagocytic digestive/killing of pathogens |
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What 2 things associated with fever do you not want too much of? Thresholds for each? |
- intensity (ie high fever): no specific # but many facilities will use one as their own guideline. Specific to each person, age, overall health, etc - duration: no longer than 3 days |
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What 3 things fall under innate: 2nd line of defense: chemical defenses: |
1. interferon 2. complement 3. iron-binding proteins |
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When is interferon made? How does it work to defend against pathogens? |
made when a cell is infected by VIRUS interferes with pathogens being able to invade nearby cells if the interferon gets there first |
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What is complement? |
a group of 10+- proteins made by the liver, released into blood in an inactive state |
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What activates complement? |
combination of antibodies and antigens |
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antibodies |
a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen |
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antigen |
non-self materials/markers |
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What 3 things happen when a complement is activated: |
1. chemotaxis//increased inflammation 2. opsonization 3. cytolysis (Hint: inflamed/coc(k) |
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What is opsonization? |
the complement sticks to the antigen on the pathogen on one side and sticks to phagocytes on the other (even in microorgs with capsules) aka adherence (Hint: ops=works by ON= sticks on) |
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What is cytolysis |
complement itself drills holes into pathogen, causing the cell to burst (due to change in osmolarity) |
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How do iron-binding proteins work? |
naturally present iron-binding substances in blood bind iron for us, making it unavailable to pathogens who also need it for growth. Causing pathogens to die due to lack of iron |
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What are 3 examples of iron-binding proteins? |
1. ferritin
2. transferrin (notice 1. is ferriTIN and 2. is -ferrin) 3. hemoglobin |
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In short, what are NK cells and what does NK stand for? |
Natural Killer cellsWBCs that can tell if a cell is infected and kill it |
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What 2 types of cells do NK cells kill? |
virus-infected cells cancer cells |
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How/what 2 chemicals do NK cells release to kill infected cells? |
1. perforins and 2. granzymes (NK-north korea, kim jung un=perfect grandma) |
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How do perforins work? |
punch holes on outside of infected cells |
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How do granzymes work? |
get inside infected cell and digests it from inside out |
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How can NK cells tell that a cell is infected? |
infected cells will be missing markers on the outside of cell so NK cells go around looking for cells without a marker and kill them (with perforin and granzymes) |
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What does natural mean in regards to immunity? |
immunity that 'just happens' |
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What does artificial mean in regards to immunity? |
immunity that requires medical intervention |
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What does active mean in regards to immunity? |
-immunity that body builds for itself -takes time to develop -long lasting |
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What does passive mean in regards to immunity? |
-immunity obtained from an outside source -provides immediate protection -short-term |
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What is naturally acquired active immunity? |
immunity after an infection (what most ppl think of when they hear immunity) |
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What is artificially acquired active immunity? |
vaccines - contains an artificially altered pathogen (ie inactivated organism) or an altered substance from it immunity after a vaccine |
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What is naturally acquired passive immunity? |
mom's antibodies are passed to baby across placenta, as well as in colostrum and breast milk |
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What is Artificially acquired passive immunity? |
receive antibody from other human/animal source |
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When do most antibodies pass from mom to baby? |
beginning in 8th month of pregnancy thru birth and via colostrum and breast milk |
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what is colostrum? |
"first milk" thick, yellow and full of antibodies what nursing mom produces in first few days following birth |
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When should a mother NOT breast feed? |
when mom is taking certain meds when mom has certain infections |
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4 types/circumstances for use of artificial passive immunity |
1. gammaglobulin shot 2. antiserum shot 3. antitoxin shot 4. antivenom shot |
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immunoglobulins |
aka antibodies globular proteins that provide immunity |
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What shape are immunoglobulins? |
Y shaped with heavy and light chains, with each side being a mirror-image |
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Explain the significance of the shape of an antibody? |
each antibodies unique shape allows it to bind with a specific pathogen |
