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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many genes can a fertility plasmid have? |
many, for example could be gene such as antibiotic resistance, exotoxin, etc |
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What is normally copied during conjugation? |
the plasmid |
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What are 2 synonyms for genetic engineering? |
recombinant DNA technology biotechnology |
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What is genetic engineering? |
using the DNA from a living organism as a tool to solve a problem |
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What is the goal of genetic engineering? |
introduce new DNA into a cell or an acellular organism |
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Prior to genetic engineering, where did human insulin come from? |
cadavers, which made it really expensive |
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Prior to genetic engineering, where did most type 1 diabetics get their insulin and what was the problem with that? |
Generally used bovine insulin, but after many injections, some developed an allergy so severe it could be fatal |
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List, in order, the most common sources of insulin for type 1 diabetics prior to genetic engineering? |
bovine insulin equine insulin porcine insulin (pigs) all had potential for deadly allergies occurring |
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How did genetic engineering solve the insulin supply problem for type 1 diabetics? |
They initially introduced the human insulin gene into E. coli (underlined) for a source of insulin. they later moved on to yeast, which produces even more insulin per gene |
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Does the gene for insulin have to come from a pancreas cell? why or why not? |
It can come from any cell in the human body. Each cell contains all of our DNA (genes). It's just that not every cell uses every gene. |
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Describe the typical genetic engineering procedure |
kill the bacteria and take its plasmid use an enzyme to cleave opening in plasmid introduce desired gene (from another source) into the cleaved plasmid inject plasmid back into a microorganism |
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List some other uses for genetic engineering |
E coli (underlined) to eat oil spills make biofuels plants to contain more nutrients or resist pests |
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What is gene therapy? |
putting healthy DNA (gene) into malfunctioning DNA |
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What is gene therapy used for? |
to treat a genetic disorder |
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What were 2 specific problems encountered with early gene therapy? |
In US, injected engineered gene into 19 yo to study future effectiveness for children, he became massively inflamed and died In France, children treated with gene therapy later developed cancer, believed to have been brought about by the engineered genes |
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What and when was the first success with gene therapy? |
2008, success with treating retina malformation |
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Due to the initial problems with gene therapy, what did scientists then start doing? |
became more selective/limited in where they were injecting recombinant genes |
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What are some of the ethical problems associated with gene therapy? |
- possible health problems in future - messing with human DNA. How far is appropriate? - bioweapons manufacturing |
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What do all viruses contain? |
DNA OR RNA (called viral core) and viral protein coat (aka capsid) |
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What is the viral core composed of? |
DNA or RNA |
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What is the capsid composed of? |
protein (aka viral protein coat) |
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What is a naked virus? |
contains DNA or RNA and a viral protein coat |
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Describe DNA and/or RNA within a virus |
not normal. DNA can be single or double stranded, as can RNA. DNA is normally double stranded and RNA is normally single stranded. |
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What is an enveloped virus? |
contains DNA or RNA viral protein coat envelope with spikes |
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What else can an enveloped virus contain? |
one or more enzymes, located inside the viral protein coat with DNA or RNA |
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Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. What does that mean? |
It must get into a cell to reproduce and by doing so will kill its host cell eventually |
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host range |
type(s) of host organism(s) that a virus can infect I.e.: humans, animals, plants etc, or a combination of those |
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Regarding host range, what things can a virus infect? |
humans animals plants fungi protozoa bacteria |
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What is a virus infected bacterial cell called? |
bacteriophage |
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Can a bacteriophage be harmful to human cells? |
no, bacteria are prokaryotic and human cells are eukaryotic, so it can't harm human cells |
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What is one common way bacteriophages are often used? |
sprayed onto meat to kill bacteria |
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In some countries, bacteriophages can be used to treat bacterial infections in humans. What is one apparent advantage to that? |
bacteriophages appear to be more target specific than antibiotics |
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Viral specificity |
type(s) of cells or tissues within the host which a virus can infect (I.E. intestinal cells, brain cells, liver cells etc) |
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viral specificity and the common cold |
common cold virus has viral specificty for epithelial cells in nose and throat quick immune response and rebuilding of killed epithelial cells |
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What specifically is happening to cause congestion, sniffling and sneezing during the common cold? |
As virus infects and kills epithelial cells, the epithelial cells die and release their cytoplasm causing congestion, sniffling and sneezing |
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Viral specificity and the rabies virus |
specificity for brain cells causes neuro symptoms slow immune response often deadly; if survive often have permanent brain damage |
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viral specificty and HIV |
targets immune cells (t-cells) |
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Steps of naked virus infection/reproduction |
1. attachment 2. penetration (via endocytosis) 3. uncoating 4. building viral parts 5. assembly 6. release (via lysis/bursting of cell) |
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how does attachment work? |
shape of virus fits into receptor sites on host cells |
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What is endocytosis? What phase is it? And what type of virus is it associated with? |
where the virus is engulfed into the cell, similar to phagocytosis second step (following attachment) in naked viruses |
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What type of cell can kill a virus and what does it use to do so? |
phagocytes can kill virus with lysosome (a digestive enzyme) |
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What happens during uncoating? |
Once the virus is inside cell, the cells digestive enzymes will 'eat' thru its viral protein coat |
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What does uncoating a virus make possible? |
It essentially makes it possible for the virus to communicate with the host cell, telling it to reproduce and perform protein synthesis for it |
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What 2 specific functions occur during building viral parts? |
DNA replication and protein synthesis |
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What happens during assembly? |
the viral parts are put together to form a new copy of the virus |
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When and how does release occur with naked viruses? |
It occurs after virus has replicated multiple times, causing the cell to burst (lysis) |
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What are the steps in enveloped virus infection/reproduction? |
1. attachment (with spikes also fitting into receptor site 2. penetration (via fusion) 3. uncoating 4. building viral parts 5. assembly (with spikes on outside of cell membrane) 6. release (budding out) |
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How does fusion work to accomplish penetration of a cell with an enveloped virus? |
the spikes fit into the receptor site on cell but are so tiny that it fuses the virus to the cell, the virus gets inside, but its envelope becomes part of the host cell membrane |
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Assuming 2 identical cells, which would be bigger, an cell infected with a naked virus or a cell infected with an enveloped virus? Why? |
the cell infected with an enveloped virus would be bigger because the viral envelope becomes part of the cell membrane |
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During assembly with a cell infected with an enveloped virus, where do the spikes go? |
the spikes end up on the outside of the cell membrane |
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What happens during release of a cell infected with an enveloped virus? What is this process called? |
Each virus is released individually, similar to budding in yeast. This process is called budding out. Because the virus takes part of the cell membrane when budding out, the cell shrinks with each release, eventually shriveling up and dying |
