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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the 1st exposure to a pathogen called?
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Primary response |
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What is the 2nd exposure to a pathogen called?
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Secondary response |
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What is the 3rd exposure to a pathogen called?
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Booster response |
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What do Th cells do with their interleukins? |
Present them to b cellsso they can mature into plasma cells and make antibodies |
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What cells help make a secondary (and subsequent) response quicker and produce more antibodies?
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Memory cells (B and Th) |
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If immune system is working well, then why do healthy people get the 'same' infection more than once?
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1. different strains of the same pathogen make memory cells unable to recognize 2. sometimes dormant pathogen cells remain in infected area undetected |
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What 2 cell types are involved in cell mediated immunity?
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Th (CD4) cells and Tc (CD8) cells |
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How are Th/CD4 cells involved in cell mediated immunity?
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ATTRACT (via CHEMOTAXIS) and STIMULATE MACROPHAGES |
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If a macrophage is stimulated what is it known as?
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An angry macrophage |
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What are the characteristics of angry macrophages?
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- bigger in size - rougher surfaces - make more lysosome (so able to digest more pathogens) |
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How did we learn about Th/CD4 cell's role in cell mediated immunity?
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HIV pts. Although they had near normal numbers of macrophages, they have low Th counts, so unable to attract macrophages and turn them into angry macrophages |
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What cell does a Th cell act on in humoral immunity? What cell does a Th cell act on in cell mediated immunity?
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in humoral immunity, Th cells act on B cells (which mature into plasma cells that make antibodies) in cell mediated immunity, Th cells act on macrophages (turning them into angry macrophages) |
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How are Tc cells involved in cell mediated immunity?
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1. Tc cells recognize foreign or abnormal material on a cell's surface. 2. Once a foreign or abnormal cell is sighted, the Tc cell reproduces. 3. Tc cells mature into 'active' and memory cells. Active cells produce toxic chemicals perforin and granzymes which kills the cells |
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What chemicals do active Tc cells produce? What else produces these chemcials?
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They produce toxic chemicals perforin and granzyme. NK cells also produce perforin and granzyme. |
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Differentiate between NK cells and active Tc cells? |
NK cells look for cells that are MISSING normal marking and then kill it with perforin and granzyme. NK cells are involved iinnate/2nd line of defense immunity
Tc cells look for FOREIGN/ABNORMAL markings on cells and then kill it with perforin and granzyme. Tc cells are involved in CELL MEDIATED immunity
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What cells are involved with fighting cancer?
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NK cells and Tc cells |
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Immunocompromised aka
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immunosuppressed |
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What things can lead to being immunocompromised?
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1. infection 2. poor nutrition 3. chronic diseases 4. stress 5. some medications 6. age (both old and young) and 7. pregnancy
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Why does pregnancy result in being immunocompromised?
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So mom's body doesn't attack growing fetus as 'foreign' since it's only half her DNA and half dad's DNA |
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What is a vaccination?
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Use of an avirulent form of pathogen (or an altered avirulent form of the pathogen's toxin) to cause an immune response without becoming ill to create memory cells and therefore give immunity against the pathogen |
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What is significant about the timing of vaccinations?
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Usually given rather young in life so that the child can receive immunity via the vaccine before getting exposed to the pathogen in daily life and becoming ill from it
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What are the 4 categories of vaccines?
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1. killed/inactive 2. Live attenuated 3. Toxoid 4. acellular/subunit |
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What are some vaccines that use killed/inactive pathogens?
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Original pertussis, polio, Hep A, influenza (shot), rabies for pet animals and ppl who handle animals |
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What does attenuated mean?
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Weakened |
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What are some vaccines that use Live attenuated pathogens?
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MMR, chicken pox, shingles, influenza (nasal mist), Rota virus, Rabies for wild animals |
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What is a toxoid?
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A weakened EXOTOXIN |
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What vaccines use toxoids?
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Tetanus (DaPT) and Diptheria (DaPT) |
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What are some vaccines that use acellular/subunits of pathogens?
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Haemophilus Influenza type b (HiB) Hepatitis B, pneumonia, meningococcal meningitis, current pertussis vaccineDaPT) and Human papillomavirus |
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Which of the 4 types of vaccines can a pathogen actually reproduce? What are the results of this?
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LIVE attenuated vaccines allow the pathogen to reproduce (though at smaller numbers). This results in a longer and better immune response to the pathogen for the person receiving the vaccine but also results in complications for those who have a very weak immune response. Therefore, use of live attenuated vaccines is contraindicated for those with weak immune responses |
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Why is there a different rabies vaccine for pet animals than for wild animals?
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Live attenuated vaccines are given to wild animals as they produce a better immune response and are longer lasting (wild animals aren't coming back into the clinic for a booster). However, because it is a live pathogen, it can result in a small number of (unknowingly immunocompromised) animals potentially contracting rabies. Pet animals are given killed/inactivated vaccines for rabies because they are available for booster shots and due to the risk of a small portion actually contracting rabies and pet animals close contact with humans, the increased risk to safety doesn't merit the extra effectiveness these pets might receive from a live attenuated vaccine. |
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Why does live attenuated vaccines give you a better/longer immune response?
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Because the pathogen can reproduce, this allows for more exposure to the pathogen so a person's T memory and Plasma/B cells are going to be better at fighting it |
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What does contraindicated mean and what vaccine type is contraindicated for what group of people?
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Contraindicated means 'do not give to'. Live attenuated vaccines are contraindicated for people with very low immune responses. |
