Biol2230 Wk 7 Pt 2

Front 1

Toxoplasma gondii (underlined)

who has it?

how do humans commonly get it?

Back 1

present in both wild and food animals

often acquired by humans via ingestion by mouth from undercooked meat

Front 2

What diseases can Toxoplasma gondii cause?

Back 2

"Toxoplasmosis"

infects muscle, liver, retina and brain

can cause eye damage, leading to vision loss

cerebral toxoplasmosis

encephalitis

death

Front 3

Explain the lifecylce of Toxoplasma gondii (underlined) in a person with a healthy immune system

Back 3

person gets infected from eating undercooked meat from an animal that had it

gets into blood

circulates systemically (liver, muscle, retina, brain)

then LIES DORMANT in most people with healthy immune system

Front 4

If Toxoplasma gondii (underlined) is dormant, how can it cause problems?

Back 4

It's not a problem unless that person later has a weakened immune system and then it will flair up.

Front 5

Other than those that ate undercooked meat, who else is at risk for Toxoplasmosis gondii?

Back 5

pregnant women. More specifically her fetus is at risk. But only if pregnant mom was never exposed to Toxoplasma gondii before pregnant.

Front 6

How does a pregnant mother become infected with Toxoplasma gondii?

Back 6

By changing a cat litter box and accidentally ingesting affected oocytes from the cat feces.

Front 7

How do cats get Toxoplasma gondii?

Back 7

Often by eating an infected bird or mouse

Front 8

Why is it a significant risk to the fetus if mom has her first exposure to Toxoplasma gondii while pregnant?

Back 8

- If mom was previously exposed, her own immune system would likely fight it off

- However, with first exposure, she may be very mildly ill as she fights it off. Toxoplasma oocytes in cat feces are one of the few things that can pass through fetal placental barrier, exposing fetus who essentially has no immune system

Front 9

Approximately how many Americans have dormant Toxoplasma gondii?

Back 9

Approximately 25% .. however, DORMANT in most cases if person has healthy immune system

Front 10

What problems can Toxoplasma gondii cause a fetus?

Back 10

fetal death/miscarriage

blindness

deafness

permanent brain damage/mental retardation

lack of muscle control

Front 11

Prevention for Toxoplasma gondii

Back 11

cook meat thoroughly

avoid changing litter box if pregnant

if not possible, then wear mask and gloves

hand washing

wear gloves when gardening (in case cat/infected animal pooped in soil)

Front 12

Diagnosis for Toxoplasma gondii

Back 12

can be tested via blood (though not routine)

Front 13

Treatment for Toxoplasma gondii

Back 13

antiprotozoan meds

Front 14

Approximately how many newborn babies in US get/have Toxoplasmosis each year?

Back 14

1 in every 1000

Front 15

asymptomatic vs. latent

Back 15

asymptomatic - no signs or symptoms ever

latent - no signs or symptoms following illness (even if mild)

Front 16

Plasmodium (underlined) species

Back 16

causes malaria

Front 17

How is Plasmodium acquired in humans?

Back 17

via bite from infected mosquito

Front 18

Vector

Back 18

animal by which disease is transmitted

Front 19

biological vector

Back 19

animal actually has disease and it REPRODUCES inside the animal. Then infects a human when it bites them

Front 20

mechanical vector

Back 20

animal doesn't have disease but lands/touches infected area on person, picks it up (on its feet or whatever) and then lands on another person (usually open skin, or eye or otherwise 'open' area), thereby infecting them

Front 21

Where is malaria prevalent

Back 21

near equator, tropical areas

(only carried by certain types of mosquitos)

Front 22

Where does malaria end up in the human body?

Back 22

in Red Blood Cells

Front 23

What must happen in a vector for it to cause infection in humans?

Back 23

the pathogen must reproduce inside the vector. Otherwise amount of pathogen would likely be too small to cause infection in humans

Front 24

Once in the blood, where does Plasmodium go from there?

Back 24

to the LIVER

Front 25

What are signs and symptoms of malaria?

Back 25

High fever

Jaundice

chills

Anemia

Front 26

How does Toxoplasma/malaria cause high fever?

Back 26

because toxoplasma is an obligate intracellular parasite once in the liver, it eventually crowds the cell and causes liver cells to burst, causing high fever

Front 27

Explain the cycle of high fever and chills with malaria?

Back 27

infected liver cells burst causing high fever

toxoplasma released when liver cells burst and end up back in RBCs causing chills. Eventually the RBCs burst, causing high fever, get picked up by liver, etc etc

Front 28

Once in the liver, what is Toxoplasma?

Back 28

an obligate intracellular parasite

(must get INTO liver cells ... eventually causing them to burst)

Front 29

Why is jaundice a sign of malaria?

Back 29

because the toxoplasma is in the liver

Front 30

How is anemia a sign of malaria?

Back 30

when too many RBCs burst from the toxoplasma, the infected person will become anemic

Front 31

3 possible outcomes of malaria

Back 31

4 different kinds of Plasmodium

1. in 2 of the 4, it's relatively weak and a healthy person can often fight it off on their own. However, is only dormant, so could have future flare ups

2. In the other 2, meds are necessary for treatment and recurrence is still possible

3. In one of those 2 strong ones, toxoplasma is so strong that the person can die of anemia/lack of O2 to cells

Front 32

How is a Toxoplasma species infection treated

Back 32

antiprotozoan meds

"antimalarial drugs"

Front 33

Other than being bitten by an infected mosquito, how else can a person acquire malaria and what is done to prevent it?

Back 33

can be transmitted via blood donation

donor will be asked if they've ever had yellow jaundice

Front 34

Prevention for malaria

Back 34

bug spray

nets for sleeping

screens on windows

get rid of standing water that attracts mosquitos

preventative antimalarial drugs often given to travelers

Front 35

What 2 helminths did we study?

Back 35

Taenia

Ascaris

Front 36

What is the common name for Taenia species?

Back 36

tapeworms

Front 37

How is Taenia acquired in humans?

Back 37

via ingestion of undercooked meat

Front 38

What does the head of Taenia look like?

be specific

Back 38

has hooks and suckers

circle of structures are hooks

holes/dots are suckers

uses hooks and suckers to latch on

Front 39

Signs and symptoms of Taenia species infection

Back 39

constipation followed by diarrhea; cyclically

some pain and possibly fever

Front 40

Taenia can be quite long. Although the head is easily recognizable, what is the rest of its body made of?

Back 40

the long tape part is egg sacs (so they can reproduce A LOT)

Front 41

Describe the treatment for Taenia species infection

Back 41

given antiprotozoan meds. kills tapeworm causing it to detach, then passed via rectum in feces

Front 42

How common is Ascaris species?

Back 42

not common in the US but very prevalent world wide

Front 43

Who is infected with Ascaris?

Back 43

only humans

Front 44

How is Ascaris spread?

Back 44

via fecal-oral route

(must age in environment though, similar to Toxoplasma)

Front 45

Where in the body does Ascaris infect

Back 45

it goes from the blood to the liver, back to the blood, and then the heart and lungs. Once in the lungs it gets too big to go through capillary walls so it starts crawling up airway. Pt swallows the worms and they then go to the intestines. Now that they're in the intestines, they're adults and they mate/multiply. Passed via feces and visible

Front 46

Signs and symptoms of Ascaris infection

Back 46

Shortness of breath, coughing, enlargement of abdomen

Front 47

This card starts Eukaryote review

Back 47

still have a bit of genetics to get into at end of review cards

Front 48

What FUNGI did we study?

Back 48

Penicillium

Ringworm fungi

Aspergillus species

Candida albicans

Histoplasma capsulatum

Pneumocystis jiroveci

Front 49

What PROTOZOA did we study?

Back 49

Ancanthamoeba species

Entamoeba species

Giardia lamblia

Toxoplasma gondii

Tichomonas vaginalis

Plasmodium species

Front 50

What Helminths did we study?

Back 50

Taenia species

Ascaris lumbricoides

Front 51

What FUNGI rarely causes infection?

Back 51

Penicillium (underlined)

Front 52

What FUNGI can cause SKIN infections?

Back 52

Ringworm

Candida albicans

Front 53

What FUNGI causes lung/respiratory infection?

Back 53

Aspergillus

Histoplasma capsulatum

Pneumocystis jiroveci

Front 54

What is the strongest FUNGAL pathogen

Back 54

Histoplasma capsulatum

(hint: think of "cap" in "capsulatum as a capsule that encloses it, making it stronger)

Front 55

What FUNGUS lead to the discovery of HIV/AIDS

Back 55

Pneumocystis jiroveci

(Hint: name sounds Italian, possibly like the clothes the first gay men associated with HIV/AIDS wore)

Front 56

Which FUNGUS causes an 'allergy' and what is the allergy called

Back 56

Aspergillus

"farmer's lung"

(grows in dead grass)

Front 57

Which FUNGUS is associated with chicken and bat feces

Back 57

Histoplasma capsulatum

(hint: farmers have a long HISTORY in this country. Farming runs in their blood = PLASMA and they often wear CAPS)

Front 58

What is diaper rash?

Back 58

Candida albicans infection of skin

aka cutaneous candidiasis

Front 59

What FUNGUS is associated with a disease often seen in elderly alcoholics?

Back 59

Pneumocystis jiroveci

causes fungal pneumonia "frothy pneumonia"

(Old alcoholics drinking Italian wine? hint?)

Front 60

What PROTOZOAN causes an infection that is a particular risk for contact lense wearers?

(name of protozoan

name of disease)

Back 60

Acanthamoeba

keratitis (cornea infections)

(hint: aCANThamoebas CANT see so they wear contacts)

Front 61

What PROTOZOAN causes Dysentery?

Back 61

Entamoeba histolytica

(ent- intestines, histo-tissue, lytica-shred, rip)

Front 62

Which PROTOZOANS only infect ppl/only live in people?

Back 62

Entamoeba histolytica

Front 63

Which PROTOZOANS infect humans and animals?

Back 63

Giardia lamblia

Toxoplasma gondii

Front 64

Which PROTOZOANs are (commonly) transmitted via fecal-oral route?

Back 64

Entamoeba hystolytica

Giardia lamblia

Front 65

Which PROTOZOAN causes "fatty diarrhea"?

Back 65

Giardia lamblia

(blocks fat absorption)

Front 66

Which PROTOZOAN hikers more likely to get?

Back 66

Giardia lamblia; via drinking untreated water

(Hint: blocks FAT absorption. Avid hikers are seldom FAT)

Front 67

What was the PROTOZOAN STD we studied?

Back 67

Trichomonas vaginalis

(hint: vaginalis sure sign its a likely STD but there's a "moan' in Trichomonas as well to remember first name)

(bonus: in lab under scope this protozoan looks like it's SLIT down the middle ...vaginalis ... )

Front 68

Which PROTOZOAN is a risk for pregnant females?

Back 68

Toxoplasma gondii

(hint: during pregnancy women can get TOXEMIC .... toxoplasma)

Front 69

What PROTOZOAN infection can be passed via cooking after diaper change in daycare or after changing soiled garments in hospitals?

Back 69

Giardia lamblia

(Hint: Giardia-guard-daycare, lamblia-ambulance-hospital)

Front 70

Which PROTOZOAN can cause infection from eating undercooked meat?

Back 70

Toxoplasma gondii

(Hint: Ghandi would have never got it since he didn't eat meat)

* Ascaris (a helminth) is also passed via undercooked meat

Front 71

Which PROTOZOAN can cause eye problems?

Back 71

Acanthamoeba - keratitis (its only disease)

Toxoplasma gondii (more commonly associated with disorders of fetus/newborns though than eye problems)

Front 72

What HELMINTH can be acquired by eating undercooked meat?

Back 72

Taenia species

(Hint: Taenia - tainted meat)

Front 73

What HELMINTH would most likely cause shortness of breath?

Back 73

Ascaris lumbricoides

(Hint: ascaris sounds kinda like asthma)

Front 74

Which HELMINTH looks like a normal ground worm?

Back 74

Ascaris lumbricoides

Front 75

Which HELMINTH can crawl up your airway?

Back 75

Ascaris lumbricoides

(hint: it would SCARE (aSCARIS) even a LUMBERJACK (lumbricoides) to see live worms coming out your ASS (AScaris) and throat

Front 76

In which HELMINTH can LIVE worms be visible in your feces?

Back 76

Ascaris lumbricoides

(you can possibly see egg sacs in feces with Taenia. but you don't pass a tapeworm in your feces until the entire worm is dead and detaches)

Front 77

Which HELMINTH is passed via fecal-oral route?

Back 77

Ascaris lumbricoides

(Ascaris = ass)

Front 78

Which HELMINTH has hooks and suckers?

Back 78

Taenia species

Front 79

which HELMINTH is a flat worm?

Back 79

Taenia species

(T in Taenia, T in tapeworm ... flat, like your abs would be if you ingested one)

Front 80

What all of the microorgs/helminths that we've studied are passed via fecal-oral route?

Back 80

Ascaris lumbricoides (helminth)

Giardia lamblia (protozoa)

Entamoeba histolytica (protozoa)

Front 81

Which microorgs/helminths that we've studied commonly cause respiratory problems?

Back 81

Aspergillus (fungus) (farmers lung allergy or aspergillosis)

Histoplasma capsulatum (protozoa) (breathing in infected chicken poop while farming)

Pneumocystis jiroveci (protozoa) (frothy pneumonia)

Ascaris lumbricoides (helminth) (worms in lungs)

Front 82

Which microorgs/helminths are associated with infected feces from an animal?

Back 82

Giardia lamblia (Protozoa) (poop fm infected wild animal washed into stream and then drank by hiker)

Histoplasma capsulatum (fungus) IN SOIL. Grows with chicken and bat poop)

Toxoplasma gondii (risk associated with pregnant women changing cat litter boxes)

Front 83

Would infected wild animal pooping and then feces being washed into a stream be a mechanical or biological vector?

What about the preggo mom giving Toxoplasmosis to her fetus from cat litter?

Back 83

Unsure. I don't think it would be either, as it is not DIRECTLY passing anything.

Ask Ms. Yantis *****

Front 84

Why are we studying genetics before studying viruses? What are their similarities?

Back 84

Virus is composed of DNA and protein, related to genetics DNA- cell reproduction and protein synthesis

Front 85

DNA shape

Back 85

double stranded helix

Front 86

What small components makes up DNA?

Back 86

nucleotides

Front 87

What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA

Back 87

Cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

Thymine (T)

Adenine (A)

Front 88

What is complimentary base pairing?

Back 88

C ALWAYS pairs with G

T ALWAYS pairs with A

Front 89

Why would a microorganism want to reproduce?

Back 89

survival

Front 90

What things are found dissolved in the cytoplasma of a cell

Back 90

the nitrogenous bases and DNA polymerase

Front 91

What is polymerase?

Back 91

an enzyme that "builds"

Front 92

What is a polymer?

Back 92

A large substance made of separate parts, linked together

Front 93

What is the "DNA building enzyme"?

Back 93

DNA polymerase

Front 94

What specifically does DNA polymerase do?

Back 94

It finds 'matches' for the untwisted nitrogenous base pairs during DNA replication.

Example if you have this on an untwisted

|A

|T

Front 95

Example of DNA polymerase's role.

If you have this on an untwisted part of DNA, what will DNA polymerase go find:

|A

|G

|G

|T

Back 95

it will go find the 'matches' for it in the cytoplasm and pair them up (matches are in bold and larger):

|A |T

|G |C

|G |C

|T |A

Front 96

Where does DNA polymerase find and pair up the nitrogenous bases and what is the result?

Back 96

It matches up bases on both sides of the strand, resulting in an exact replica of DNA.

Front 97

Complete matching on diagram below to show how DNA polymerase creates and exact replica.

|A |T

|G |C

|G |C

|T |A

Back 97

(original now in small and additions in large/bold for emphasis but notice how this creates exact replica)

|A T | A T

|G C |G C

|G C | G C

|T A |T A

Front 98

In addition to matching up the pairs on each side of the helix, what else does DNA polymerase hook together

Back 98

It hooks each pair with the subsequent pair above or below it