Bio 318 Lab Test 2

Front 1

1.)Why is striated muscle called skeletal muscle?
2.)is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?
3.)why is skeletal muscle striated?

Back 1

when viewed under a polarized light, or stained with an indicator, you can see alternating stripes of light or dark.
voluntary
fibers are often organized into myofibrils, with the fundamental unit of contraction being the sarcomere. The sacromeres are normally arranged into bands or lines.

Front 2

1.)Name the things associated with skeletal muscle
2.)Name the things associated with cardiac muscle
3.)Name the things associated with smooth muscle

Back 2

cylindrical, multinucleated, striated-regular, voluntary
branched, uninucleated, striated regular, involuntary, intercalated disk.
fusiform, uninucleated, involuntary, no striations

Front 3

1.)where are skeletal muscles found?
2.)where are cardiac muscles found?
3.)where are smooth muscles found?

Back 3

attached to bones, everywhere
walls of the heart
walls of hollow organs

Front 4

1.)things to know for endomysium
2.)things to know for perimysium
3.)things to know for epimysium

Back 4

muscle fibers are enclosed with this, made of areolar CT
wraps muscle fibers bundled together, made of collagen wrapping CT
all the fascicles bundled together is wrapped with this, made of dense regular CT

Front 5

1.)definition of origin
2.)definition of insertion

Back 5

attaches to a bone that remains relatively stationary when the muscle contracts
attaches to another bone that will undergo the greatest movement when the muscle contracts

Front 6

1.)what happens during the neuromuscular junction?

Back 6

its a junction between an axon of a motor neuron and a muscle cell. Each axon of the motor neuron divides into many branches called terminal branches. Together a neuron and all the muscle fibers it simulates makes up a motor unit. Neuron and muscle fiber separated by synaptic cleft. When impulse gets to axon terminal, ACH vesicles release stuff into cleft. ACH binds to receptor on sarcolemma and a change in the permeability occurs and NA and K channels open and depolarization occurs causing calcium to be released and eventually muscle contraction

Front 7

1.)what does actelycholine do in reference to the neuromuscular junction?
2.)white fiborous is ____CT and it attaches to skeletal muscle and it is called ___
3.)two of the most important functions of a tendon
4.)the larger, more powerful muscles have relatively __CT than muscles involved in fine or delicate movements.

Back 7

diffuses across junction and binds to a receptor on sarcolemma causing depolarization
dense regular. tendon
provide durability, conserve space
more

Front 8

1.)in addition to supporting and binding the muscle fibers, and providing strength to the muscle as a whole, the CT wrappings provide what?
2.)what is the function of cardiac muscle?
3.)what is the function of smooth muscles?

Back 8

route for entry and exit of nerves and blood vessels that serve the muscle fibers.
as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation.
propels substances or objects along internal passageways

Front 9

1.)what affect did increasing extracellular K+ have on the resting membrane potential?
2.)What effect did decreasing the extracellular sodium have on the RMP?
3.)The channels that provide for the movement of K+ in the resting neuron are?
4.)Establishing the resting membrane potential requires energy through the use of the?

Back 9

1.)The RMP became less negative.
2.)only a small change occurred because the resting neuron is not very permeable to sodium
3.)leakage
4.)Na/K pump

Front 10

1.)what instrument is used to measure voltage when doing the RMP experiment?
2.)What is R1 ad R2 used for in the 2nd experiment?
3.)why is the action potential recorded by the second recording electrode(R2) delayed relative to the action potential recorded by the first recording electrode (R1)?

Back 10

oscilloscope
to show different sections of an axon
The action potential had to propagate from R1 to R2

Front 11

1.)an action potential requires what?
2.)to reach threshold, the amount of sodium ___
3.)What blocks voltage gated sodium channels?
4.)What is used to block pain?
5.)with a slower timescale, the appearance of the action potentials generated at R1 and R2 will appear to?

Back 11

1.)voltage gated sodium channels to open and sodium to flow with its concentration gradient
2.)entering the cell must overcome potassium exiting
3.)tetrodotoxin and lidocaine
4.)lidocaine
5.)be compressed in time but have the same peak value of response

Front 12

1.)why do you think tetrodotoxin is not used during dental procedures?
2.)what fibers generate the smallest vaue for conduction velocity?
3.)The time interval for conduction would be shortest with?

Back 12

1.)TTX irreversibly blocks voltage gated sodium channels in axonal membranes.
2.)C fibers
3.)the largest and most heavily myelinated axons

Front 13

1.)Increasing the amount of myelination does what?
2.)conduction velocities unit
3.)An aponurosis is?
4.)why would breaking your neck cause you to stop breathing?

Back 13

decrease the time between action potentials
m/s
similar to a tendon in function
The portion of the cord that controls breathing via the diaphragm is C3-C5. If spinal cord is severely injured and is above the 5th cervical vertebrae, then breathing will be affected and a person may die from asphyxiation

Front 14

1.)Do you really have a funny bone? what is it that your hitting?
2.)what is the largest nerve in your body? what would happen if it were cut?
3.)what are two types of pupillary reflexes?
4.)what nervous system is responsible for dilation of pupils?
5.)what muscles contracted for the patellar reflex?

Back 14

no the ulnar nerve
sciatic, because of the sciatic nerve we feel sensation and control movement of most of the lower half of our bodies.
light, consensual
sympathetic
quads

Front 15

1.)what is the ciliospinal reflex?
2.)capillaries bring __to the heart. Then from the heart, it is taken to where?
3.)the tissue takes in O2 and release what?
4.)Bronchioles are made from ___cells

Back 15

another reflex activity involving the pupil.
O2, tissue
CO2
simple stratified

Front 16

1.)arterioles are made from ___cells
2.)venules are made from ___cells
3.)what are the layers of the trachea starting from bottom?

Back 16

thick smooth muscle
thin smooth muscle cells
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, seromucus gland, hyaline cartilage, trachealis muscle

Front 17

1.)Impulses from the medulla are sent to where, this is how you know to breathe.
2.)Two things controlling diaphragm
3.)another word for contraction.
4.)for inhaling, your __volume and ___pressure

Back 17

phrenic
pressure and volume, they are inversely proportional
inhale
increase, decrease

Front 18

1.)for exhalation, you _volume and __pressure.
2.)when you exhale, the diaphragm ___
3.)equation for pH
4.)Bicarbonate
5.)carbonic acid

Back 18

decrease, increase
relaxes
-log[H]
HCO3
H2CO3

Front 19

1.)H20+CO2=
2.)H2CO3=
3.)HCO3 leaves behind a positive environment causing what?
4.)__is a weak base
5.)__is a weak acid

Back 19

H2CO3
HCO3 + H
chloride shift
HCO3
H2CO3

Front 20

1.)what is hypercapnia?
2.)normal range of PCO2?
3.)__is the condition of too little CO2 in the blood
4.)respiratory alkalosis results when what?
5.)Which of the following has the greatest capacity for pH change in the body?

Back 20

high blood CO2
35-45mmhg
respiratory alkalosis
traveling at high altitudes, hyperventilation
renal system

Front 21

1.)Hyperventilation is defined as
2.)Hyperventilation can result in
3.)Why was the breath held after the second hyperventilation?
4.)The formation of carbonic acid from water and carbon dioxide is catalyzed by

Back 21

an increase in the rate and depth of breathing
too little CO2 in the blood
to retain CO2
carbonic anhydrase

Front 22

1.)Too much carbon dioxide in the blood can be the result of
2.)Why does rebreathing simulate hypoventilation?
3.)Respiratory acidosis is a result of
4.)what contributes to the formation of carbonic acid?
5.)what happens during rebreathing?

Back 22

emphysema
Carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood with either.
an increase of H+ in the blood
CO2
CO2 goes up

Front 23

1.)hypoventilation is the same as?
2.)Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and blood pH are
3.)Respiratory acidosis can be compensated for by
4.)How do the kidneys compensate for acid-base imbalances?
5.)Which of the following have the same effect on plasma pH?

Back 23

rebreathing
inversley proportional to each other
the kidneys
by reabsorbing and excreting bicarbonate ions and H+ ions
reabsorption of bicarbonate and excretion of H+

Front 24

1.)The movement of fluid and solutes from the peritubular capillary to the renal tubule is referred to as
2.)The nephron is responsible for maintaining
3.)Excessive diarrhea results in which of the following?
4.)Ingestion of too much alcohol results in which of the following?

Back 24

tubular secretion
electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, fluid balance
loss of bicarbonate ion, metabolic acidosis
gain of an acid, metabolic acidosis

Front 25

1.)Ketoacidosis is usually a result of
2,)a decrease in normal metabolic rate causes what

Back 25

uncontrolled diabetes
less CO2