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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the arrow pointing to? |
coelom of a sea star arm |
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what is the arrow pointing to? |
digestive glands of a sea star arm |
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what is the arrow pointing to? |
tube foot of a sea star arm |
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what is the arrow pointing to? |
skin gill of a sea star arm |
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what is the arrow pointing to? |
radial canal of a sea star arm |
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what is the arrow pointing to? |
ampulla of a sea star arm |
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what is the arrow pointing to? |
spine of a sea star arm |
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what is the arrow pointing to? |
ossicles of sea star arm |
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What does the "S" represent? |
serosa- outer lining of organs and body cavities |
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What type of tissue is being shown at the "S"? |
simple squamous epithelium |
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What is this a slide of? |
thyroid follicles |
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What type of tissue is being shown in this slide? |
simple cuboidal epithelium |
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What is this a slide of? |
intestinal mucosa- innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract |
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What type of tissue is being shown at the "M"? |
simple columnar epithelium |
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What is this a slide of? |
pigmented and non-pigmented human skin |
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What type of tissue is being shown in this slide? |
stratified squamous epithelium |
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What is this a slide of? |
adipose tissue |
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What does the "S" represent? |
submucosa - layer of connective tissue lying beneath the mucous membrane |
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What is being shown? |
dense connective tissue of the dermis - pigmented human skin |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
hyaline cartilage of trachea |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
thyroid tissue |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
adipose tissue |
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What are the arrows pointing to? |
columnar epithelium |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
lumen- inside space of a tubular structure |
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What connective tissue is this? |
Bone |
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What is being shown in this slide? |
blood cells |
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What are the arrows pointing to? |
osteocytes |
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What are the arrows pointing to? |
leukocytes (white blood cells) |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
erythrocytes (red blood cells) |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
chondrocytes |
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What are the arrows pointing to? |
fat globules of adipose tissue |
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What are the arrows pointing to? |
nucleus of adipose tissue |
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What is this a slide of? |
striated muscle (skeleton) |
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What is this a slide of? |
cardiac muscle |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
nucleus of cardiac muscle |
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What are the arrows pointing to? |
intercalated discs |
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What tissue is represented by the "C"? |
smooth muscle |
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What type of tissue is this? |
Nervous tissue |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
cell body of a neuron |
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What are the functions of the tiny little dots surrounding the neuron? |
glial cells- they support, insulate, and nourish neurons |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
Vein |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
Artery |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
Nerve |
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What are neutrophils? |
Neutrophils are the most numerous type of granular leukocyte. It has a finely granular cytoplasm and a polymorphic nucleus with from three to five lobes. |
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What are eosinophils? |
Eosinophils are a rare type of granular leukocytes; they have a bilobed nucleus that is eosin-stained (bright red) |
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What are basophils? |
Basophils are a very rare type of granular leukocyte that have an elongated, curved nucleus which may be partly obscured by blue (basic-staining) granules in the cytoplasm |
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What are lymphocytes? |
Lymphocytes are an agranular leukocyte. They are the second most numerous and are slightly larger than erythrocytes. The nucleus is only slightly smaller than the cell itself and the cytoplasm forms a thin,clear crescent around the cell's nucleus. |
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What are monocytes? |
Monocytes are a type of agranular leukocytes and are rare. They are about 0.5x larger than lymphocytes and have a smaller nucleus so more cytoplasm is visible |
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What is the ambulacra? |
region on undersurface of the sea star where tube feet are located |
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Where are pedicellariae found and what is their function? |
pedicellariae are found around the base of each spine and function in keeping the body surface of sea stars clear of encrusting organisms |
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What are ampullae? |
Ampullae are an important part of the water vascular system of sea stars because they store water and release to tube feet |
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What is the function of pyloric ceaca? |
pyloric ceaca secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs nutrient products of digestion |
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What are gastric ligaments? |
ligaments that attach the lobes of the stomach to the ambulacral ridges; they prevent too much eversion of the stomach |
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Why is the sea star's epidermis ciliated? |
For protection, sweep away debris, and move water to madreporite |
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What compound makes up a starfish shell? |
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) |
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Which side is the aboral side? |
dorsal |
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Which side is the oral side? |
ventral |
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Tube feet have ____________________ muscles. |
longitudinal |
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Ampullae have ________________ muscles |
circular |
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The anterior end of a lancelet has a nose-like ______________ extending over the mouth region, surrounding by small tentacles. |
rostrum |
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Water enters through the mouth of a lancelet, passes through the gill slits and collects in a chamber called the ______________. |
atrium |
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Water passes out the lancelet through the _______________. |
atriopore |
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What kind of tissue is found in human skin? |
stratified squamous |
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What kind of tissue is found in kidney tubules and thyroid follicles? |
simple cuboidal |
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Epithelium tissue is derived from _____________________? |
Embryonic ectoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm |
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Connective tissue is derived from _____________________? |
mesoderm |
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Muscle tissue is derived from _____________________? |
mesoderm |
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Nervous tissue is derived from _____________________? |
ectoderm |
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What type of cells is embedded in the gelatinous fibrous matrix of cartilage? |
chondrocytes |
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What are goblet cells and where are they found? |
goblet cells are specialized for secretion of mucus and are found in simple columnar epithelium tissue and in the innermost layer of the trachea |
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Where is simple epithelium found? |
simple epithelium is found where secretion or absorption occurs |
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Where is stratified epithelium found? |
stratified epithelium is found in areas subject to extensive wear and tear. |
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Specific functions of a connective tissue depends on the properties of the _________ and _________. |
fibers and matrix |
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What type of connective tissue does not form fibers or matrix? |
adipose |
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Where is hyaline cartilage found? |
Hyaline cartilage is found at the end of long bones and in the nose and trachea |
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What are little cavities that each contain one cell and are scattered through the hyaline cartilage? |
lacunae |
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Osteocytes are composed of crystals of ___________________ with collagenous fibers between the crystals to reduce the brittleness of the bone. |
calcium phosphate |
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Bone is covered with a thin layer of dense connective tissue called _____________. |
periosteum |
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Osteoblasts become arranged in the matrix around the blood vessels in concentric layers called _____________. |
lamellae |
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Each osteoblast occupies a space called _____________. |
lacuna |
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What are canaliculi? |
canaliculi are canals between the lacunae of bone that provide nourishment to cells. |
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___________ and ____________ are filtered from the blood to bathe all body cells. |
lymph and tissue fluids |
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What is the function of hemoglobin? |
Hemoglobin in vertebrate red blood cells transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues. |
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Leukocytes are classified as either ___________ or ____________. |
granular or agranular |
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List the granular leukocytes. |
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
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List the agranular leukocytes. |
lymphocytes and monocytes |
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_____________ and _______________ are the most active phagocytes. |
monocytes and neutrophils |
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Where are blood platelets found? |
mammalian blood |
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Each fiber of skeletal muscle is made up of many myofibrils, all enclosed in a tough membrane called _____________. |
sarcolemma |
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____________ carry impulses into the nerve cell. |
dendrites |
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__________ carry impulses away from the nerve cell. |
axons |
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What enzyme was used when testing for the presence of proteins? |
pepsin |
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What substrate was used when testing for the presence of proteins? |
albumen |
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What indicator was used when testing for the presence of proteins? |
mercuric chloride |
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Emulsifying agents should be partly ______________ and partly ______________. |
lipid soluble and water soluble |
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What is emulsification? |
the suspension and dispersion of a fatty or oily substance into microscopic micelles in an aqueous medium |
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What is the Iodine test used for? |
to test the presence of starch |
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What is the benedicts test used for? |
to test the presence of reducing sugars |
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How many openings does the pharynx have and where? |
4 openings digestive system: mouth and esophagus respiratory system: nasal chamber and glottis |
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What is the function of the epiglottis? |
since food and air both pass through the pharynx, the epiglottis covers the glottis when food is swallowed to prevent choking |
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What is the peritoneum? |
layer made up of simple squamous epithelium and forms the lining of the abdominal cavity |
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What is the diaphragm? |
muscular layer that separates the thoraic cavity (anterior) from the abdominal cavity (posterior) |
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What is the function of the liver? |
filters harmful substances from the blood and produces bile (bile emulsifies fat) |
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What is the function of the gallbladder? |
stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver |
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What is the function of the stomach? |
produces gastric juice that breaks down proteins |
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What is the function of the spleen? |
involved in red blood cell destruction, filters blood, removes microbes that are a part of the lymphatic system |
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What is the cardiac sphincter? |
a band of smooth muscle which regulates the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach |
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What is the pyloric sphincter? |
a band of smooth muscle which regulates the passage of food from the stomach to the duodenum |
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What is gastric rugae? |
longitudinal folds observed in the mucosa layer of the stomach |
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What is the function of the pancreas? |
produces some digestive fluids as well as hormones (insulin and glucagon) |
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What is the function of the duodenum? |
first section of the small intestine; produces digestive enzymes that break down food; also receives secretions from the gallbladder via the common bile duct and the pancreas via the pancreatic duct |
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What is the common bile duct? |
consists of the cystic duct from the gall bladder and the hepatic duct which comes from the liver |
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What is the function of villi and microvilli in jejunum-ileum? |
they enhance absorbing capacity and increase surface area |
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What is the function of the mesentery? |
suspends both the jejunum and ileum from the abdominal wall and holds the intestines in a coiled manner |
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What is the function of the colon (large intestine)? |
absorbs water from the remaining indigestible food matter and transmits useless waste from the body |
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What is the cecum? |
the beginning part of the large intestine; blind pouch that receives waste from the ileum of the small intestine and passes it to the colon |
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What is the function of the rectum? |
last portion of the colon; stores solid waste until it exits the body via the anus |
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What is the mucosa? |
the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract; simple columnar epithelium; involved in secretion and absorption |
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Where are lymph nodules located? |
in the submucosa |
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What is the serosa? |
outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract; simple squamous epithelium; comprises of the visceral peritoneum of the intestine |
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What is the mesentery? |
sheets consisting of two layers of visceral peritoneum which joins together the loops of the intestine and suspends them in the abdominal cavity |
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Located in between the two layers of visceral peritoneum of the mesentery are ___________ and _____________. |
blood and lymphatic vessels |
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What is the function of the thyroid gland? |
produces thyroid hormones which help regulate the rate of metabolism |
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What is the function of the thymus gland? |
plays a role in immunity |
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What is the trachea? |
respiratory tube reinforced with cartilage |
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Name the upper respiratory structures |
external nostrils, nasal chamber, and pharynx |
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List the lower respiratory tract |
glottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli |
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The right lung has ___ lobes and the left lung has ___ lobes. |
right - 4 lobes left - 3 lobes |
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What is the glottis? |
opening between the pharynx and the larynx |
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What is the larynx? |
voicebox; space for air to travel from the mouth to the trachea |
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What is the trachea? |
carries out air to the lungs; reinforced with cartilage, branches into the bronchi divides into two main branches-one for each lung |
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bronchi |
airway in the respiratory system that takes air into the lungs right bronchus subdivides into 3 segmental bronchi left bronchus subdivides into 2 segmental bronchi also reinforced with cartilage |
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bronchioles |
first branches of the airway that lack cartilage; branch off the bronchi and are narrower |
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alveoli |
found at the end of the bronchi and are hollow "sac like" structures where gas exchange with the blood occurs; covered with capillaries |
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sternum |
flat bone lying mid-ventrally to which ribs attach |
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tidal volume |
amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal quiet respiratory cycle; 500 ml 150 ml of this air is in the respiratory passageway (trachea) and is not available for gas exchange |
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expiratory reserve volume |
amount of air that remains in the lungs after normal exhalation; 1000 ml |
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inspiratory capacity |
maximum amount of air inhaled after normal exhalation |
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inspiratory reserve volume |
amount of air that can still be inhaled after normal inhalation; ranges from 1000-1500 ml |
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vital capacity |
maximal amount of air that can be inhaled after maximum exhalation VC = IRV + TV + ERV |
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residual volume |
always remains a volume of approximately 1200 ml of air in the lungs that cannot be expired even forcible cannot be measured by the spirometer |
