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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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fluid filling the anterior segment of the eye
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aqueous humor
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the "white" of the eyes
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sclera
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part of the retina that lacks photoreceptors
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optic disc
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modification of the choroid that controls the shape of the lens and contains the ciliary muscle
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ciliary body
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drains the aqueous humor from the eye
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scleral venous sinus
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layer containing the rods and cones
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retina
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substance occupying the posterior segment of the eyeball
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vitreous humor
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forms the bulk of the heavily pigmented vascular layer
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choroid
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smooth muscle structures (2)
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ciliary body & iris
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area of critical focusing and discriminatory vision
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fovea centralis
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form (by fitration) the aqueous humor
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ciliary processes of the ciliary body
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light-bending media of the eye (4)
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aqueous humor, cornea, vitreous humor, & lens
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anterior continuation of the sclera- your "window on th1.e world"
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cornea
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composed of tough, white, opaque, fibrous connective tissue
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sclera
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The dim light receptors are the ____.
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rods
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Only ____ are found in the fovea centralis, whereas mostly ____ are found in the periphery of the retina.
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cones
rods |
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_____ are the photoreceptors that operate best in bright light and allow for color vision.
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cones
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The visual pathway to the occipital lobe of the brain consists most simply of a chain of five cells:
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1. photoreceptor (retina)
2. bipolar cells (retina) 3. ganglion cells (retina) 4. lateral geniculate nucleus of thalmus 5. cortical neuron (inoccipital cortex of cerebral hemisphere) |
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Normal vision in left eye visual field; absence of vision in right eye visual field:
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right optic nerve damaged
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Normal vision in both eyes for right half of the visual field; absence of vision in both eyes for left half of the visual field.
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damage in left optic track
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How is the right optic tract anatomically different from the right optic nerve?
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nerve- carries information coming from the right eye.
track- you have it crossing over, it contains fibers from medial aspect of left eye and later side of right (right side of both) |
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light bending
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refraction
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ability to focus for close (less than 20 feet) vision
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accommodation
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normal vision
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emmetropia
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inability to focus well on close objects (farsightedness)
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hyperopia
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nearsightedness
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myopia
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medial movement of the eyes during focusing on close objects
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convergence
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In farsightedness, the light is focused ____ the retina.
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behind
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The lens required to treat myopia is a ___ lens
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concave
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The "near point" increases with age because the ____ of the lens decreases as we get older.
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elasticity
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A convex lens, like that of the eye, produces an image that is upside down and reversed from left to right. Such as an image is called a ___ image
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real
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Explain why vision is lost when light hits the blind spot.
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no photoreceptors
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Blurry vision due to unequal curvature of lens. can be corrected
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astigmatism
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"old vision" caused by decrease in elasticity of the lens
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presbyopia
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To which wavelengths of light do the three cone types of the retina respond maximally?
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red, blue, & green
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Explain the difference between binocular and panoramic vision:
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binocular- lap of visual fields to a great extent but not completely.
panoramic- very little or no over lap, and wider field of vision |
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What is the advantage of binocular vision?
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it overlaps, you can percieve depth
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What factors are responisble for binocular vision?
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overlap & visual field
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Structures composing the external ear
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exteranl auditory canal, tympanic membrane, & stapes (stirrup)
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Structures composing the internal ear
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cochlea, semicircular canals, & vestibule
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All collectively called the ossicles:
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incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup), & malleus (hammer)
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Involved in equalizing the pressure in the middle ear with atmospheric pressure
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pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
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Vibrates at the same frequency as sound waves hitting it; transmits the vibrations to the ossicles
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tympanic membrane
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Both contain receptors for the sense of balance
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semicircular canals & vestibule
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transmits the vibratory motion of the stirrup to the fluid in the scala vestibuli of the inner ear
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oval window
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acts as a pressure relief valve for the increased fluid pressure in the scala tympani; bulges into the tympanic cavity
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round window
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passage between the throat and the tympanic cavity
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pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
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fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth
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endolymph
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fluid contained within the osseous labyrinth and bathing the membranous labyrinth
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perilymph
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Sacs found within the vestibule
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utricle & saccule
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contains the spiral organ of corti
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cochlear duct
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These are sites of the maculae
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utricle & saccule
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positioned in all spatial planes
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semicircular ducts
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hair cells of spiral organ of Corti rest on this membrane
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basilar membrane
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gelatinous membrane overlying the hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti
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tectorial membrane
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contains the crista ampullaris
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ampulla
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These fuction in static equilibrium:
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otoliths, saccule, utricle, & vestibular nerve
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These functions in dynamic equilibrium:
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ampulla, cupula, semicircular ducts, & vestibular nerve
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carries auditory information to the brain
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cochlear nerve
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gelatinous cap overlying hair cells of the crista ampullaris
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cupula
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Grains of calcium carbonate in the maculae
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otoliths
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trace the pathway through which vibrations and fluid currents are transmitted to finally stimulate the hair cells in the spiral organ of Corti.
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Tympanic membrane -> hammer to hit ambil -> stirrup vibrate -> oval window -> perilymph -> coclear duct -> endolymph -> hair cells
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Involuntary rolling of eyes in one direction & rapid moving of the other eye in the other direction
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nystagmus
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Sensation of dizziness when no movement is present
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vertigo
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What effect does alcohol consumption have on balance and equilibrium? Explain.
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Depresses the nervous system & enhances inhibition of reflex and corrdination conters causing lost of balance and equilibrium
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Slow reacting chemical messengers
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hormones
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Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups, the ____ and the ____
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amino acid & steriods
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organ that a specific hormone reaches and causes a response
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target organ
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If hormones travel in the bloodstream, why dont all tissue respond to all hormones?
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hormones aer specific for organs with receptors
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located in the throat; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus
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thyroid
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found close to the kidneys
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adrenal gland
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a mixed gland, located close to the stomach and small intestine
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pancrease
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paired glands suspended in the scrotum
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testies
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ride "horseback" on the thyroid gland
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parathyroid
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found in the pelvic cavity of the famale, concerned with ova and female hormone production
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ovaries
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found in the upper thorax overlying the heart; large during youth
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thymus
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found in the roof of the third ventricle
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penal bodies
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In the measurment of oxygen consumption in rats, which group had the highest metabolic rate?
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normal
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In the measurment of oxygen consumption in rats, which group had the lowest metabloic rate?
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Tx & hypo
(either missing thyroid or pituitary) |
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In the rat experiement, what did changes in the fluid levels in the manometer arms indicate?
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oxygen was being consumed
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Which group of rats can be assumed to have the highest blood levels of TSH? lowest? explain.
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-normal
-no pituitary rats that have pituitary are producing TSH. Rats that has thyroid has no pituitary to produce TSH. |
