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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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two types of vocal cords:
True:_________ Flase:________ |
true- vibrate to make sound
false- no sound |
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the true vocal cord is located ______
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on the inside of the glottis
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the false vocal cord is located _____
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outside at the base of the larnyx
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an adams apple is made up of ______ cartliage of the ______
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thyroid cartiage
of the larnyx |
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elastic cartliage whos function is to keep food out of the respiratory tract
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epiglottis
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this hangs in the back of the oral cavity and its function is to keep food out of the nasal cavity
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uvula
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The flow of air into the body:
_____->_____->_____->_____->_____->_____->_____->_____-> |
nares->nasopharnyx->pharnyx->glottis->trachea->right and left bronchi->broncioles->alveoli
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three sites of gas exchange:
______ ______ ______ |
1. lungs
2. tissues 3. blood |
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gas exchange in the lungs occurs at the ______.
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respiratory membrane
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the respiratory membrane of the lungs are made of ______ epithelium of ______ and ______
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-simple squamous
-capillaries and alveoli |
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when gas exhange occurs in the lung, oxygen diffuses into blood and binds to _____ and carbon dioxide diffuses into ____ from the blood.
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-hemoglobin
-alveoli |
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gas exchange in tissues occurs where?
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in capillary beds
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during gas exchange in tissues, oxygen diffuses from the blood into _____. Carbon dioxide diffuses from _____ into _____.
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- cells
-cells into blood |
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during gas exchange in the blood, carbon dioxide combines with _____ to make _____. That product will then dissasociate into ____ and ____. finally, hydrogen then binds to _______.
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-water to make carbonic acid(H2CO3)
-HCO3 (bicarbonate) and H+ (hydrogen) -H+ binds to hemoglobin |
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HCO3 is a _____ ion. this is also known as a ______
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-bicarbonate ion
-buffer |
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why do cells need oxygen? (3)
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-cellular respiration
-final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration -can accept 2 electrons to make water (H2O) |
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the two pleural membranes are _____ and _____.
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visceral and parietal
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the visceral membrane lines _______. the parietal mambrane lines the ______.
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-lines lungs (outside)
-lines thorasic cavity (inside) |
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what does the serous fluid between the visceral and parietal membranes do?
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it reduces friction which is helpful with breathing
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the _____ causes the diaphragm to _______ for inspiration.
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-phrenic nerve
-contract for inspiration |
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breathing involves ________.
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changes in pressure gradients
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Inspiration: diaphragm ______: _______ volume of thorasic cavity:
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-contracts
-increases volume |
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when there is a decrease of air pressure in the thorasic cavity, _______.
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air rushes in (inspiration)
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what areas of the brain control respiration?
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-medulla oblongata and pons
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Goblet cells secrete ______
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mucus
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True or false:
Although goblet cells secrete mucus, we do not want mucus to get into the lungs. |
true
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goblet cells secrete mucus that _______.
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grabs debris and microorganisms
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cilia move mucus _____ and ______ of lungs.
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-away from and out of lungs
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why dont we want mucus in the lungs?
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it makes gas exchange more difficult
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where is the site of gas exchange
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alveoli
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the two types of alveoli are :
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1. type I
2. type II |
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type I alveoli are ________.
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actual simple squamous alveolar cells (traditional)
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type II alveoli are ____ that secrete _____.
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-cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant
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what does surfactant secreted by Type II alveoli do?
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it lowers friction to breath
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do premi babies have surfactant?
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no
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_____ causes breathing
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surfactant
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difficulty breathing bc of a thickened respiratory membrane describes ______
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emphysema
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when someone has emphysema, they will ____
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pump more oxygen in to increase the chance of oxygen dissusing. also to inc the amount of oxygen there
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the problem with emphysema is that the person has trouble getting ____ out which can cause ______ that may be fatal.
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-CO2 (carbon dioxide)
-acidosis |
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when someone has emphysema is applies to their _______.
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lungs
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How does oxygen move from the lungs to the blood? It is driven by ______.
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- simple diffusion
- a concentration gradient |
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____ is a chemical or substance that controls changes in pH
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buffer
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An acid buffer releases ____ ions into a solution while a base buffer _____.
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-H+
-binds H+ |
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when an acid buffer releases H+ it ______ the pH. How does this effect H+ and pH levels?
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-lowers (decreases)
- increases H+ - decreases pH |
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when you have an acid buffer, strong acids will _______
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completely disasociate
ex. HCl->H+ + Cl- |
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with an acid buffer, weak acids ______.
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-only partially disassociate
ex. carbonic acid: H2CO3->H+ + HCO3- |
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a base buffer binds hydrogen and takes them out of the solution, _____ pH
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-raising
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A Buffering system in the blood is ________
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bicarbonate ion
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When pH is low, which ion binds the extra hydrogen ions, turning it into ______, ______ pH to a normal level.
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-Bicarbonate ion
-carbonic acid -raising |
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If pH is high, the Bicarbonate ion (buffering system of the blood) will ______, lowering pH
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-give up H+
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another buffering system of the blood that does the same thing as bicarbonate is ________ and ______
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-phosphate
-proteins (ex. hemoglobin) |
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the _____ acts as a blood buffer system by getting rid of or holding on to ____ as needed. It is _____.
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-respiratory system
-fast acting |
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the ____ acts as a blood buffer system by removing extra ions from the blood into urine. it is ____ and more for _______.
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-renal system
-slow acting -homeostasis |
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a _____ molecule can be an acid or base and therefore can buffer in basic or acidic conditions. alot of _____ molecules are this. (ex.______)
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-amphoteric
-proteins -ex. hemoglobin |
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acid =ph____
neutral=ph____ base=ph_____ |
acid= pH below 7
neutral= pH= 7 base/alkaline= pH above 7 (up to 14) |
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too much CO2- may cause ____ bc it will combine with water, making ____ that will build up and pass ____. (this acid will disassociates into a lot of ____ ions which will ____pH)
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-acidosis
-carbonic acid -hydrogen ions -carbonic acid disassociates into alot of H+ ions, wihch will lower pH |
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when hyperventilation occurs, ____ is breathed out and pH ____ so you will need buffers.It removes ____ quickly from cells which can cause ______.
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-free H+ molecules
- rises -CO2- (carbon dioxide) -alkalosis |
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Normal pH of blood = ______. anything above leads to ____ and anything below leads to ______.
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7.35- 7.45
above=alkalosis below=acidosis |
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-too many antacids
-vomit -constipation -anything that decreases your normal metabolic rate |
metabolic alkalosis
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-too much asprin
-too much alcohol -diarrhea -strenuous exercise -anything that increases your metabolic rate |
metabolic acidosis
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where will the bronciole be located on the arteriole slide?
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next to a hylein cartliage piece
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what does rebreathing do?
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if someone is hyperventillating, you can breath into a paper bag to take back in CO2-. Hyperventillation can cause alkalosis. The simple solution is REBREATHING
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rebreathing is a simple solution for ______
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hyperventillaiton
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if you rebreath too long, ____
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remove the bag
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acidosis: lots of ____ in blood and _____ in urine giving a ____ pH. to fix it, we go through _____ that takes out extra H+ ions, ____ pH to a normal level.
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- high CO2- in blood and high H+ in urine, giving a LOW pH
-filtration, increasing pH |
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a pH of 7.68 would describe what condition?
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alkalosis
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when we have alkalosis, there is ____ CO2 in blood, ____ H+ in urine, and _____ pH, so the blood will be filtered (filtration) because there is a ___ in the number of hydrogen ions and a ____ in the number of bicarbonate ions. It ____ bicarbonate ions so it CANT bind. this ___ pH back to normal level.
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-low
-low -high -decrease -increase -it gets rid of extra bicarbonate ions, decreasing pH back to a normal level |
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BPM means______
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breaths per minute
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what happened to the respiration rate when we increased metabolism? H+ ions? HCO3 (bicarbonate ion)? Blood pH?
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the respiration rate increased. Blood pH is still within normal range but fell slightly high.
H+= increased HCO3=decreased Blood pH= decreased |
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as metabolic rate rises (once we hit acidosis), BPM ____, Blood pH _____, PCO2 (how much CO2 is in blood)______, H+_____, HCO3______.
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-BPM increased
-blood pH decreased -PCO2 increased -H+ increased -HCO3 decreased |
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when you lower your metabolic rate (once you hit alkalosis), BPM ____, blood ph _____, PCO2 _____, H+ ______, HCO3 _____
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-BPM decreased
-blood pH increased -PCO2 decreased -H+ decreased -HCO3 increased |
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three types of muscle:
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1. cardiac
2. skeletal 3. smooth |
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this type of muscle has striations, intercalated discs, and branching
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cardiac muscle
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this type of muscle has striations and is multinucleated.
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skeletal muscle
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this type of muscle has a central nuclei, NO STRIATIONS, and is spindle shapped
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smooth muscle
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striations of skeletal muscle are the ____ and ____ bands of ____ and _____.
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light and dark bands of actin and myosin
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skeletal muscle is _____ and attached to ______
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-voluntary
-skeleton |
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CT around muscle fibers is ______
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endomysium
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CT around fasicles is ______
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perimysium
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CT around the entire muscle is ______
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epimysium
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epitheleal tissues functions include ___ _____ and _____
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protection absorbtion and secretion
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if a tissue contains 1 layers of cells it is ____ and if it has more than one it is ______
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-simple
-stratified |
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what type of epithelium lines the glymerilis?
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simple squamous
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium: look for ___ and _____
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goblet cells and cillia
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transitional epithelium: look for ______.
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transitional cells (big cells at the top)
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smooth muscle produces ____ movement
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involuntary
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when looking at cardiac muscle, look for ______
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intercalated discs
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the lung and kidney are _____ epithelium
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simple squamous
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trachea is _____ epithelium
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pseudostratifies columnar
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the mouth is made of _____ epithelium
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stratified squamous
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Where can you find the following types of muscle tissue:
cardiac______ smooth______ skeletal______ |
cardiac- walls of heart
smooth- walls of hollow organs skeletal- in skeletal muscles attatched to bone or skin |
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the intestines have _____ epithelium
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simple columnar
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your skin is _____ epithelium
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stratified squamous
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during expiration, the diaphragm is _____ to push air out and during inspiration it is ______ to breath air in
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-domed shaped
-flat |
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expiration: _____ volume, _____ pressure
inspiration: _____ volume, _____ pressure |
expiration: dec volume, inc pressure
inspiration: inc volume, dec pressure |
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the primary type of epithelium in the lung is _____; however, if you see a bronchiole, it will be ________. If you see an artery or vein, youll see smooth muscle that is lined with _______.
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-simple squamous
-simple columnar -simple squamous |
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on the trachea slide, you will find _____ epithelia lining the lumen of the trachea. youll see ______ within the epithelia. underneath the epithelia is loose areolar CT that will contain ______ glands which are ______ epithelia. underneath the CT layer youll find ______. it usually stains purple and you will have _____ within the lucanae. Under that is a smooth muscle called the ______ muscle
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-cilliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-goblet cells -seromucus glands -cuboidal -hyaline cartliage -chondrocytes -trachalis muscle |
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the esophegus will have 2 layers of _____ lined with non-keratinized __________ epithelia.
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-smooth muscle
-stratified squamous epithelia |
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when air reaches the alveoli of the lungs at the respiratory canal, what happens to oxygen?
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it will diffuse and then bind to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
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when blood moves from the arterioles to capillaries in tissues, what happens?
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-oxygen diffuses into cells
-water is given off -cells that once contained oxygen are now oxygen poor and have CARBON DIOXIDE which will eventually diffuse into alveoli |
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the total exchange of air in and out of the lungs is _____
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vital capacity
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a whitish, fibrous membrane that connects a muscle to a bone or fascia.
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aponeurosis
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why would breaking your neck cause you to stop breathing?
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the phrenic nerve may be severed, leading to paralysis of the diaphragm and cessation of breathing
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do you really have a funny bone? what is it you are hitting?
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no, youre hitting your ulnar nerve
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what is the largest nerve in the body? what would happen if you cut it?
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sciatic nerve- lower limb impairments (ex footdrop)
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what is also called your vocie box?
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larnyx
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the body must get rid of CO2 (waste). the body recycles CO2 into ____ which makes its way to the lungs
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-HCO3 (72%)
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hemoglobin is a ____ molecule
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amphoteric
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H+ is neutralized by ______
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hemoglobin
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during an anxiety attack, the person hyperventilates and breathing is deep and fast. CO2 ____ and pH ______. this leads to a condition called ______. Blood vessels constrict, dizzy, faint and the respiratory response is shallow, slow breathing. CO2 then ____ and pH goes back to normal level.
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-decreases
-increases -hypocapnia(low blood CO2) -CO2 then rises |
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shallow slow breathing is called ________
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hypoventillation
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depth and breathing rate increases during ______
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hyperventillation
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when CO2 is high, what serves as a stimulus and what is sensed by the brain?
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-CO2 serves as the stimulus
-H+ is sensed by brain |
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if CO2 is high, H+ in CSF is ____ which is a condition called ______ (high blood CO2). depth and rate of breathing is increased, excess CO2 is removed from blood and pH returns to normal
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-high
-hypercapnia |
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CO2 diffuses from ____ to _____
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from blood to CSF
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there is 0 to little ______ in the CSF to buffer pH change so any change is significant
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protein
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In the CSF: CO2+H2O->_____->_______
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CO2+H2O->H2CO3->H+ + HCO3-
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in the acid base buffer system: from the RBC, HCO3 dissuses into _____
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plasma
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A ____ is when leaving the RBC, HCO3-leaves behind a positive enviornment. This charge imbalance draws C1 into the cell.
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chloride shift
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most of CO2 enters _____
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RBC
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_____ in the RBC catalyses the reaction of forming H2CO3 (H2O+CO2->H2CO3)
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carbonic anhydrase
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what is the formula if hydrogen increases in the blood? What happens to the pH at this time?
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HCO3+H->H2CO3
high H= low pH |
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what is the formula if hydrogen decreases in the blood?What happens to the pH at this time?
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H2CO3->H+ HCO3
low H=high pH |
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when CO2 diffuses from the blood to the CSF, in the CSF the formula is _____.
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CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> H + HCO3
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