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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is carbohydrates' 3 major roles? |
1. Primary Function (provide energy) 2. Cell structure (structural FXN) 3. Cell Identity (glycoproteins) |
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What do glycoprotein's sugars act as? |
Glycoproteins-suagrs act as "TAG" that signals self-protein to our immune system. (end of protein is a sugar molecule) |
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What is names the monomer and polymers of a carbohydrates? |
monomers: monosaccharides Polymers: Polysaccharides |
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What does the immune system attack? |
Foreign molecules |
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What are 2 examples of a polysaccharides' storage? |
Starch and glycogen |
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What are 3 examples polysaccharides' structure? |
1)Chitin- 2)peptidoglycan- cell wall 3) Cellulose - fiber |
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How many carbon bonds do carbonyl groups have? |
double bond carbon |
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What are the locations of the carbonyl group? |
Aldose: end of the monosaccharide |
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what are the number of carbon atoms present? |
triose- three pentose-five (Deoxyribose&ribose) hexose- six |
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What is the spatial arrangement of monosaccharides' atoms? |
different arrangement of the hydroxyl groups |
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Easy or hard?: 1) Linear form 2) ring forms
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1) easy 2) hard |
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What are the 3 most known monosaccharides? |
1- glucose 2- galactose 3- fructose |
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Just know that these two forms exist: |
linear and ring forms! |
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What are the simplest polysaccharides? |
disaccharides: consists of two monosaccharide monomers |
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What is condensation reaction? |
lose water to make polysaccharides |
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When a condensation reaction occurs, the resulting covalent bond is called? |
Glysocidic linkage |
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What is a glycosidic linkage? OR what do they do? |
Bonds the polysaccharides |
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α- glycosidic does what? |
Storage polysacchs |
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β- glycosidic does what? |
Structural polysacchs |
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True or False: Not all have an enzyme that can break a β bond |
True; β bonds are like "security systems" |
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What are three examples of a disaccharides? |
1)Maltose 2)Sucrose(table sugar) 3) Lactose (Diary Products) |
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What breaks down maltose? |
Maltase |
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What breaks down lactose? |
lactase/ lactate |
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What breaks down starch? |
Amylase |
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what are two examples of amylase? |
salivary and pancreatic |
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What does starch store? |
Excess sugar |
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Animals store sugar as: |
Glycogen |
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What is cellulose |
a structural polymer found in plant cell walls |
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What is chitin? |
a structural polymer found in fungi walls, some algae and many animal exoskeletons; N-acetylglucosamine (NAc) monomers. |
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What is Peptidoglycan? |
structural support for bacterial cell walls |
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β-1, 3-glycosidic linkages of structural carbohydrates are |
-has sheet like bonding -very difficult to hydrolyze |
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How do carbohydrates provide structure? |
Cellulose, chitin and peptidoglycan |
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True or false: When carbohydrates provide fibrous structural materials, water is included and the fibers tend to be soluble |
FALSE: Water is excluded and fibers tend to be insoluble when carbohydrates provide fibrous structural materials. |
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True or False: The absence of water within these fibers makes their hydrolysis more difficult |
True |
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Display information on the outer surface of cells in the form of __________ |
glycoproteins |
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cell - cell signaling (can or cannot) enter cell. why or why not? |
Cannot; because of polarity |
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more monomer = ______ energy? |
more energy |
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Carbohydrates tore what kind of energy? |
Chemical energy |
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What is a good energy source? |
Carbohydrate molecules |
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What is the one of the reasons why carbs are good for storing energy? |
Because C-H bonds are high energy bonds |
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The hydrolysis of a α-glycosidic linkages in glycogen is catalyzed by the enzyme __________ |
phosphorylase |
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What is the exergonic reaction that synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? |
CH2O + O2 +ADP +Pi ----> CO2 + H2O + ATP |
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Where does colorable fiber go? |
Goes to the liver and gets rid of bad cholesterol |
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In-soluable fiber does what? |
Helps keep you regular, increases bulk. |
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what does the plasma membrane or cell membrane do? |
separate life from non life; Membrane ---> transport |
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What are lipids? |
-carbon-containing compounds - found in organisms - largely non polar and hydrophobic |
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what are hydrocarbons? |
they are non polar molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen |
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what is a fatty acid? |
it is a long hydrocarbon chain |
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What is the keys of building blocks of lipids? |
Fatty acids and isoprene |
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What is unsaturated fatty acid? |
more than one c-c bond |
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What is saturated fatty acid? |
-only contains c-c bond
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example of unsaturated fat? |
olive oil; fat not from animals |
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example of saturated fat? |
animal fats |
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what are the three most important types of lipids found in cells? |
1. fats 2. steroids 3. phospholipids |
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What are fats composed of? |
three fatty acids linked to glycerol also known as triacylglycerols or triglycerides |
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What is amphipathic? |
it is a single molecule made non polar & polar sections |
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What is the polarity of a triglycerol? |
nonpolar covalent |
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Steroids are carbohydrates, proteins or lipids? |
lipids |
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What are three examples of steroids? |
testosterones, estogen and progesterone (hormones) |
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what are the three layers of membrane? |
1) extra cellular space 2) bilayer 3) cytosol |
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Can phospholipids dissolve in water? |
no |
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when phospholipids come in contact with water, it can form what two things? |
Micelles (heads face the water and face each other) phospholipid bilayers (lipid bilayers) |
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What is dependent when going through the selective permeable membrane? |
size and polarity |
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What are the molecules that can easily go through selective permeability with no help? |
O2, CO2, N2. |
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what are the 3 ways to transport through the membrane? |
1) Simple diffusion 2) facilitated diffusion 3) active transport |
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What is used when the molecule is too big or polar to go through the membrane? |
transport protein |
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true or false: cholesterol increases membrane permeability |
false; decreases |
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What decreases membrane fluidity? |
-with temperature - when molecules in the bilayer are moving more slowly - decreased membrane fluidity causes decreased permeability |
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what are the movement os fluidity? and which are spontaneous? |
Side to side + rotation(head group)=spontaneous flip slop (not often) = requires ATP |
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Does passive transport require energy? |
no |
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Does active transport require energy? |
yes |
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Electrochemical gradient uses only ____ |
only ions |
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What form of transport is used for diffusion? |
passive (does not require ATP) |
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What is osmosis? |
osmosis only occurs across a selectively permeable membrane - high to low water concentration |
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what is hypertonic? |
an outside solution with a higher concentration to inside the cell- shrink |
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What is hypotonic? |
a solution with a lower concentration to the cell - swell |
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What is isotonic? |
When the clout are equal on the outside and inside of a cell solutions to each other |
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What are the simple vesicle-like structures that harbor nucleic acids? |
-protocells -are possible intermediates in the evolution of the cell |
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What does the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure suggest? |
-some proteins are inserted into the lipid bilayer - thus making the membrane a fluid, dynamic mosaic of phospholipids and proteins |
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What are integral proteins? |
-amphipathic -able to span a membrane -with segments facing both its interior and exterior surfaces
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What are transmembrane proteins? |
-intergral proteins that span the membrane -involved in the transport of selected ions and molecules across the plasma membrane - able to affect membrane permeability |
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What are peripheral proteins? |
-found on on one side of the membrane - often attached to integral proteins |
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what are the two ways to isolate the membrane? |
Freeze fracture: liquis N2 - 140 degree C cyrostat |
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What are transport proteins? |
they are tens membrane proteins that transport molecules |
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What are the three broad classes of transport proteins? |
1- channels 2- carrier proteins or transporters 3- pumps - active transport only |
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What is electrochemical gradients? |
it occurs when ions build up on one side of a plasma membrane |
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True or false? Channel proteins are selective |
true |
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What are gated channels? |
they are open or close in response to a signal. |
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What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? |
Prokaryotic (Before Nucleus) small, no organelles, binary fission no cytoskeleton and has a cell wall. Eukaryotic ( True Nucleus) Larger, has organelles, mitosis/meiosis, has a cytoskeleton and some have cell wall (plants). |
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What are genome? |
All genes in an organisms |
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Mitosis consists of what cells? |
Somatic cells (body cells) (Asexual) |
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Meiosis consists of what cells? |
Gametes |
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What do all cells have? |
Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, plasma membrane |
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Nucleic acid |
store and transmit information |
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Proteins |
Perform most of the cell's functions |
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carbohydrates |
chemical energy, carbon, support, identity |
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Plasma membrane |
selectively permeable membrane barrier |
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Plasmid |
Separate: 1) replicate/independent of chromosomal (genome) DNA 2) Fertility + Environmental |
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Ribosomes |
(considered not a organelle) protein synthesis |
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Cytoskeleton |
The inside of the cell is supported by a network of long, thin protein filaments |
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Nuclear envelope |
has nuclear pores and is in direct contact with ER |
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nucleous |
All RNA produced- mRNA, rRNA, tRNA |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (smooth&rough) |
Smooth (sER)- 1) Lipid synthesis 2) carbon metabolism 3) Ca2+ storage 4) liver - detoxification
Rough (rER) - protein synthesis |
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lysosomes |
-50 digestive enzymes 1- cellular digestion (within lysosomes) 2 - active at acidic pH (3-5) |
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Peroxisome |
catalase ---> H2O2 |
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Mitochondria |
-2 membranes -inherited by mom -own subset of gene and proteins Mito---> cellular Aerobic respiration |
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Chloroplast |
photosynthesis |
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Golgi Apparatus |
UPS - processes, sorts and ships proteins synthesized in the rough ER
produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted (made in one cell and sent across that cell's plasma membrane outside to a neighboring cell) from a cell. This organelle also adds sugar molecules onto newly synthesized proteins. |
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Vacuole |
are large, membrane-bound structures found in plants and fungi |
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Most plants and algal cells have |
chloroplast |
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what has a specific function? |
when membrane bound |
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What are two soluble drugs? |
lipids and H2O |
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cell wall |
a protective "exoskeleton" |
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flagella |
long, hairlike projections from the cell surface that move cells |
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What are the three types of cytoskeletal elements? |
actin filaments (microfilaments) intermediate filaments microtubules |
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Actin filaments are |
-smallest cytoskeletal elements -formed by polymerization of individual actin molecules - grouped together into long bundles or dense networks -usually found just inside the plasma membrane - structures the help define the cell's shape |
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What are the two distinct ends of an actin filament are referred to as... |
plus and minus ends |
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What is myosin |
a motor protein - converts the potential energy in ATP |
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What is cytokinesis |
division of cytoplasm |
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Actin-myosin interaction can cause cell movements such as |
cytokinesis and cytoplasmic streaming |
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cytoplasmic streaming? |
direct flow of cytosol and organelles |
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Microtubules |
- are large, holler tubes made of tubular dimers - have two polypeptides called α-tubulin and β-tubulin -have polarity -are dynamic usually grow at their plus ends |
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bacterial flagella |
-helical rods made of protein called flagellin - move the cell by rotating the rod like a ship's propeller -are not surrounded by the plasma membrane |
