Bio 112 Final Exam

Front 1

A complex network of protein filaments found in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells

Back 1

Cytoskeleton

Front 2

A single-celled or multicellular organism in which each cell has a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm

Back 2

Eukaryote

Front 3

The concept of the plasma membrane as a phospholipid bilayer containing a variety of other lipids and embedded proteins, some of which can move laterally in the plane of the membrane

Back 3

Fluid mosaic model

Front 4

A hair like structure that propels the cell or organism through a whip-like action, with waves passing from the base to the tip

Back 4

Eukaryotic flagellum

Front 5

A specialized vesicle with an acidic lumen contrasting enzyme which break down macromolecules

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Lysosome

Front 6

Hair like structures found in some eukaryotes, that use a rowing motion to propel the organism or to move fluids over cells

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Cilia

Front 7

The water based fluid component of the cytoplasm

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Cytosol

Front 8

The theory that eukaryotic cells are descended from a predatory ancestral eukaryote that engulfed prokaryotic cells that survived

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Endosymbiosis

Front 9

A protein cylinder composed of tubulin monomers

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Microtubules

Front 10

An organelle with a double membrane that is the site of cellular respiration

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Mitochondrian

Front 11

A metabolic prices by which organisms capture energy from sunlight and use it to synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water

Back 11

Photosynthesis

Front 12

An organelle composed of flattened membrane sacs that route proteins and lipids to various parts of the eukaryotic cell

Back 12

Gogli apparatus

Front 13

A particle composed of proteins and RNA at which new proteins are synthesized that can be either attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytosol

Back 13

Ribosomes

Front 14

A component of the endomembrane system that is responsible for protein synthesis or for modification of newly formed polypeptides

Back 14

rough ER

Front 15

A component f the endomembrane system that is the site of lipid synthesis

Back 15

Smooth ER

Front 16

An organelle, found in plants and algae, that is the primary site of photosynthesis

Back 16

chloroplast

Front 17

what is the protein component of microfilaments?

Back 17

actin

Front 18

a vesicle that specializes in moving substances from one location to another within the cytoplasm and to and from the exterior of the cell

Back 18

transport vesicle

Front 19

a metabolic process that extracts chemical energy from organic molecules, such as sugars, to generate the universal energy

Back 19

cellular respiration

Front 20

a green pigment that is used to capture light energy for photosynthesis

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chlorophyll

Front 21

a cell membrane protein that, using energy from an energy-rich molecule such as ATP, changes its shape to transfer an ion or a molecule across the membrane

Back 21

active carrier protein

Front 22

A cytoplasmic channel, created by a narrow cylinder of proteins, that directly connects two animal cells and allows the passage of ions and small molecules

Back 22

gap junction

Front 23

a process by which a section of a cell's plasma membrane bulges inward as it envelops substance outside of the cell, eventually breaking free to become a closed vesicle within the cytoplasm

Back 23

endocytosis

Front 24

A process by which a vesicle approaches and fuses with the plasma membrane of a cell, thereby releasing its contents into the cell's surroundings

Back 24

exocytosis

Front 25

a solution that has a higher solute concentration than the cytosol of a cell

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hypertonic

Front 26

a solution that has a lower solute concentration than the cytosol of a cell

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hypotonic

Front 27

a solution that has the same solute concentration as the cytosol of a cell

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isotoic

Front 28

a tunnel-like channel between two plant cells that provide a cytoplasmic connection allowing the flow of small molecules and water between the cells.

Back 28

plasmoderma

Front 29

also called desmosome. A protein complex that acts as a "hook" between two animal cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, linking them to brace against rupturing forces

Back 29

anchoring junction

Front 30

If a red blood cell (RBC) were placed in a hypotonic solution, is what direction would the water flow?

Back 30

Out of the cell

Front 31

movement of ions or molecules across a biological membrane that requires an input of energy because it's "uphill" (against an electrochemical gradient)

Back 31

active transport

Front 32

the passive movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of low concentraion

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diffusion

Front 33

the process of maintaining an internal water and salt balance that supports biological processes

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osmoregulation

Front 34

which of the following is a cell membrane not permeable to?

Back 34

glucose

Front 35

the Na+/ K+ pump is an example of what?

Back 35

primary active transport

Front 36

a macromolecule, usually a protein, that acts as a catalyst

Back 36

enzyme

Front 37

the specific region on the surface of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind

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active site

Front 38

energy that is stored in atoms because of their position in relation to other atoms in the system under consideration

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chemical energy

Front 39

also called law of conservation of energy, the law stating that energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but only transformed or transferred from one molecule to another

Back 39

first law of thermodynamics

Front 40

the gain of electrons by one atom or molecule from another

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reduction

Front 41

also called biosynthesis. Metabolic pathways that build macromolecules

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anabolism

Front 42

metabolic pathways that take macromolecules apart

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catabolism

Front 43

a substance that speeds up a specific chemical reaction without being permanently altered in the process

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catalyst

Front 44

all the chemical reactions in a cell that involve the acquisition, storage, or use of energy

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metabolism

Front 45

the small input of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur at a noticeable rate

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activation energy

Front 46

a green pigment that is used to capture light energy for photosynthesis

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chlorophyll

Front 47

a series of catabolic reactions that splits glucose to produce pyruvate, which is then used in fermentation in the cytosol or degraded further in the mitochondrion

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glycolysis

Front 48

a series of enzyme-driven reduction reactions that take place in the mitochondrial matrix and yields many molecules of NADH (and a few of ATP and FADH2)

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Krebs cycle

Front 49

of or referring to a metabolic process or organism that does not require oxygen gas

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anaerobic

Front 50

of or referring to a metabolic process or organism that requires oxygen gas

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aerobic

Front 51

an organelle with a double membrane that is the site of cellular respiration in eukaryotes

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mitochondrion

Front 52

the shuttling of electrons down an electron transport chain in mitochondria that results in the production of ATP

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oxidative phososynthesis

Front 53

a three-carbon molecule produced by glycolysis

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pyruvate

Front 54

what are the final products of photosynthesis

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glucose and oxygen

Front 55

which of the following is not an energy carrier?

Back 55

AcetlyCoA

Front 56

plants and photosynthetic organisms that convert light energy into food

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producers

Front 57

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

Back 57

6H2O+6CO2--->C6H12O6+6O2

Front 58

what is the equation for cellular respiration?

Back 58

C6H12+O6--->6H2O+6CO2

Front 59

what are the products of alcohol fermentation?

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ethanol and carbon dioxide

Front 60

which of the following represents the correct ordering of events that occur during the catabolism of glucose in the absence of O2?

Back 60

glycolysis, fermentaion

Front 61

which stage of cellular respiration yields the most ATP?

Back 61

oxidative phophorylation

Front 62

which cells release insulin in response to an increase in glucose?

Back 62

Beta cells of the pancreas

Front 63

what is the only cell type in the body containing ATP-dependent K+ channels?

Back 63

Beta cells of the pancreas

Front 64

which cells release glucagon in response to low blood sugar?

Back 64

Alpha cells of the pancreas

Front 65

which cells respond to glucagon?

Back 65

Liver cells