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268 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Which level of ecological study focuses the most on abiotic factors? |
Ecosystem ecology |
A) Community Ecology B) Population Ecology C) Speciation Ecology D) Ecosystem Ecology |
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Which of the following might be an investigation of microclimate? |
The effect of sunlight intensity on species composition in a decaying rat carcass |
A) Competitive interactions between various species of songbirds during spring migration B) The effect of ambient temperature on the onset of caribou migration C) The effect of sunlight intensity on species composition in a decaying rat carcas D) The seasonal population fluctuation of nurse sharks in coral reef communities |
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Subtropical plants are commonplace in Land's End, England, whose latitude is equivalent of Labrador in coastal Canada, where the local plants are subarctic. Which statement best explains why this apparent anomaly exists between North America and Europe? |
Warm ocean currents interact with England, whereas cold ocean currents interact with Labrador |
A) Warm ocean currents interact with England, whereas cold ocean currents interact with Labrador B) Rainfall fluctuates greatly in England; rainfall is consistently high in Labrador C) Labrador does not get enough rainfall to support the subtropical flora found in Land's End D) Labrador receives sunlight of lower duration and intensity than does Land's End |
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The main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is that ___ |
Sunlight strikes the poles at a lower angle |
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Besides sunlight, which would be the next most important climatic factors for terrestrial plants? |
Temperature & Moisture |
A) Wind & Fire B) Temperature & Moisture C) Temperature & Wind D) Moisture & Wind |
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In deep water, which of the following abiotic factors would most limit productivity? |
Light availability |
A) Light availability B) Solute concentration C) Mermaid predation |
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An ecologist recorded twelve white-tailed deer per square kilometer in one woodlot and twenty per square kilometer in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing? |
Density |
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During exponential growth, a population always ___ |
Grows at its maximum rate |
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Which curve indicates that an animal may birth many offspring, of which a stable number die every year? |
Curve B |
A) Curve A B) Curve B C) Curve C |
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Which curve applies best to humans living in developed countries? |
Curve A |
A) Curve A B) Curve B C) Curve C |
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A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics? |
I and II |
I) Inhabiting the same general area II) Belonging to the same species III) Possessing a constant and uniform density and dispersion |
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Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion? |
Redsquirrels, who actively defend territories |
A) Cattails, which grow primarily at edges of lakes and streams B) Red squirrels, who actively defend territories C) Dwarf mistletoes, which parasitize particular species of forest trees D) Zombies, which congregate around people in shopping malls |
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Imagine that you are looking at a large cockroach ranch. After doing some research to determine what might be an appropriately sized founding population, you reintroduce them. You then watch the population increase for several generations, and graph the number of individuals (vertical axis) against the number of generations (horizontal axis). With no natural predators impacting the population, the graph will likely appear as ____ (assuming no limitations on growth) |
A "J," increasing with each generation |
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Where in an S-shaped graph is the carrying capacity? |
The top |
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Which statements about K (carrying capacity) are correct? |
I, II, & III |
I) K varies among populations II) K varies in space III) K varies in time IV) K is constant for every given species |
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Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth? |
Competition for resources |
A) Competition for resources B) Decreased death rates C) Favorable climatic conditions D) Rabid honeybadgers with ninja skills |
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Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. This is an example of which kind of species interaction between the birds and the ants? |
Commensalism |
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As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them to the laboratory and isolate them, you discover that the offspring of both species are nocturnal. You have discovered an example of ___ |
Resource partitioning |
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Developed countries have ___ |
Lower infant mortality rates and higher life expectancy than developing countries |
Higher/lower infant mortality rates, higher/lower life expectancy than developing countries |
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What interaction exists between a lion pride and a hyena pack (They both use similar resources)? |
-/- |
In terms of +, -, 0 |
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What interaction exists between a tick on a dog and the dog? |
+/- |
In terms of +, -, 0 |
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Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion? |
Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted species of two competing species |
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Resource partitioning is most likely to occur between ___ (sympatric = living together, allopatric = living separately) |
Sympatric populations of species with similar ecological niches |
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Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration? |
A "Walking stick" insect that resembles a twig |
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Which of the following is an example of Mullerian mimicry? |
Two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern |
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Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry? |
A nonvenomous snake that looks like a venomous snake |
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Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration? |
The brightly colored patterns of poison dart frogs |
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Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. This is ___ |
Parasitism |
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In some circumstances, grass benefits from being grazed. The plant-herbivore interaction in this case is ___ |
Mutualism |
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Approximately how many kilograms of carnivore (Secondary consumer) biomass can be supported by a field plot containing 1000 kg of plant material? |
10 kg |
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In a tide pool, fifteen species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n) ____ |
Keystone species |
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Elephants are not the most dominant species in African grasslands, yet they influence community structure. Scattered woody plants are kept in low numbers because of the elephants. Without elephants, the grasslands convert to forests. The forests support fewer species than the grasslands. Describe why elephants are the keystone species in this scenario. |
Elephants exhibit a disproportionate influence on the structure of the community relative to their abundance |
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Why do invasive species take over communities into which they have been introduced? |
Invasive species are not held in check by the predators and agents of disease that have held the native species |
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In a food web, how can you tell a producer? |
Has arrows pointing from it, but not to it |
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In a food web, how can you tell a primary consumer? |
It only eats the producers |
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Food chains are sometimes short because ___ |
Most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as it passes to the next higher level |
Think biomass |
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What is top-down control? |
The predator having control of the prey's abundance |
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What is the main advantage of controlled burnings of forested areas? |
They mimic natural distrubances |
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Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity? |
Habitats are opened up for less competitive species |
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Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is increased by ___ |
Moderate levels ofdisturbance |
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What does the MacArthur/Wilson Island Biogeography Model say about small islands? |
Small islands receive few new immigrant species |
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According to the MacArthur/Wilson Island Biogeography Model, what island description would have the most species diversity? |
The largest one |
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According to the MacArthur/Wilson Island Biogeography Model, what island description would have the poorest species diversity? |
The smallest one |
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According to the MacArthur/Wilson Island Biogeography Model, what island description would have the lowest extinction rate? |
The largest one |
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Zoonotic disease is transferred from ___ to ___ via ___ |
Animals to humans via direct contact and vector |
animals/humans, animals/humans, direct contact and/or vector |
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In terms of community ecology, why are pathogens often more virulent now than in the past? |
Human activities are transporting pathogens into new habitats at an unprecedented rate |
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If all individuals in the last remaining population of a particular bird species were all highly related, which type of diversity would be of greatest concern when planning to keep the species from going extinct? |
Only I |
I) genetic diversity II) species diversity III) ecosystem diversity |
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With regard to the destruction of tropical forests, the focus is often on biodiversity and the impact to these ecosystems. What is a direct benefit to humans that helps explain why these forests need to be reserved? |
The diversity could contain novel drugs for consumers |
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Ecosystem services include processes that increase the quality of the abiotic environment. Which of the following would fall under this category? |
II, III, & IV |
I) Keystone predators have a marked effect on species diversity II) Green plants produce the oxygen we breathe III) The presence of land plants adds nutrients to the soil IV) The presence of diverse wetlands helps in flood control |
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Which of the following statements regarding extinction is (are) correct? |
II & III |
I) Only a small percentage of species is immune from extinction II) Extinction occurs whether humans interfere or not III) Extinctions can even be caused by humans indirectly |
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Which of the following terms includes all of the others? |
Biodiversity |
A) Genetic diversity B) Species diversity C) Biodiversity D) Ecosystem diversity |
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We should care about loss in diversity in other species because of ___ (See hint) |
I, II, & III |
I) Potential loss of medicines and other products yet undiscovered from threatened species II) Potential loss of genes, some of which may code for proteins useful to humans III) The risk to global ecological stability |
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Which of the following is the most direct threat to biodiversity, according to the textbook? |
Habitat destruction |
A) the Borg B) Habitat destruction C) Overexploitation of selected species D) The depletion of the ozone layer |
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Introduced species can have deleterious effects on biological communities by ___ (See hint) |
I, II, III, & IV |
I) Preying on native species II) Competing with native species for food or light III) Displacing native species IV) Competing with native species for space or breeding/nesting habitat |
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Researchers have been studying a rare population of 87 voles in an isolated area. Ten voles from a larger population were added to this isolated population. Besides having ten additional animals, what benefits are there to importing individuals? |
Additional animals from a distant population will likely bring genetic diversity and reduce inbreeding depression |
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What condition is the most likely indicator that a population is in an extinction vortex? |
A loss of genetic variation over time |
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What strategy was used to rescue Illinois prairie chickens from a recent extinction vortex? |
Introducing individuals from other populations to increase genetic variation |
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The primary difference between the small-population approach and the declining-population approach to biodiversity recovery is ___ |
Small-population approach is interested in bolstering the genetic diversity of a threatened population rather than the environmental factors that caused the population's decline |
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Locating new nature preserves in biodiversity hot spots may not necessarily be the best choice because ___ |
Changing environmental conditions may shift the location of the communities |
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What is a critical load? |
The amount of added nutrient that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem integrity |
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Agricultural lands frequently require nutrient augmentation because ___ |
The nutrients that become the biomass of plants are not cycled back into the soil on lands where they are harvested |
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This causes extremely high levels of toxic chemicals in fish-eating birds. |
Biological magnification |
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The main goal of sustainable development is to ___ |
Use natural resources such that they do not decline over time |
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"Mushrooms" typically belong to which phylum of fungi? |
Basidiomycetes |
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A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This is a ____ |
Fern |
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A fruit is most commonly ___ |
A mature ovary |
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ALL fungi share which of the following characteristics? |
Heterotrophic |
A) Heterotrophic B) Symbiotic C) Flagellated D) Act as decomposers E) Pathogenic |
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Which of the following are thought to be the closest relative of fungi? |
Animals |
A) Mosses B) Animals C) Slime molds D) Vascular Plants E) Brown Algae |
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Angiosperm double fertilization is so-called because it features the formation of ___ |
One embryo involving one sperm cell and an endosperm involving a second sperm cell |
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Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. What accounts for their success? |
Fruits enclosing seeds |
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Arrange the following from largest to smallest: See hint |
3>2>4>1 |
1. Ascospore 2. Ascocarp 3. Ascomycete 4. Ascus |
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Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated: See hint |
3>1>2 |
1. Sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence 2. Sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence 3. Gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence |
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Assuming they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest: See hint |
3>1>2 |
1. Antheridia 2. Gametes 3. Gametophytes |
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Assuming they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest: See hint |
2>3>1 |
1. Spores 2. Sporophytes 3. Sporangia |
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Breadmold is typically a ___ |
Zygomycetes |
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Chemicals secreted by soil fungi that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as ___ |
Antibiotics |
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Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospres spread from one free-living organism to another? |
By flagella |
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Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow ____ |
In dense, single-species stands |
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Given its composition and location, the phragmoplast should be directly involved in the ___ (Think meiosis) |
Construction of the cell wall during cytokinesis |
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Why do plants have relevance in pharmaceuticals? |
About one-quarter of all prescription drugs come from seed plants |
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How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms? |
By facilitating dispersal of seeds |
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If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? |
Prokaryotes |
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In a typical angiosperm, what is the sequence of structures encountered by the tip of a growing pollen tube on its way to the egg? (See hint) |
3>2>1 |
1. Style 2. Ovary 3. Stigma |
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In plants, what is produced by meiosis? |
Haploid spores |
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In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a ___ |
Fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia |
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In which taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition? |
Bryophyta |
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Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and ___ (See hint) |
Cyanobacteria & Green Algae |
A) Cyanobacteria B) Green Algae C) Mosses The answer is one or more of these choices. |
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The phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak are an example of a secondary compound. These compounds are primarily adaptations that ___ |
Inhibit herbivory |
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Plasmogamy can directly result in ___ |
One cell with two nuclei |
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Which number represents the mature gametophyte? |
7 |
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Which number(s) most likely represent meiosis? |
4 |
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The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to ___ |
Reduce dehydration |
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The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen ___ |
By convergent evolution |
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Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents. The yolk and/or albumen of an animal is what type of angiosperm analog? |
Endosperm |
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The seed coat's most important function is to provide ___ |
Resistance to drying |
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The structural integrity of plant spores is due to ____ |
Sporopollenin |
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The vegtative (nutritionally active/not sexual) bodies of most fungi are ___ (See hint) |
All three: usually underground, referred to as a mycelium, and composed of hyphae |
A) Usually underground B) Referred to as a mycelium C) Composed of hyphae The answer is one or more of these responses |
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What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? (See hint) |
The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes |
A) The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks B) The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth C) The seed, upon complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals D) The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes The answer is one or more of these responses |
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What do fungi and arthropods have in common? |
Both groups are predominantly heterotrophs that ingest their food |
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What are the closest living algal relatives of land plants? |
Charophytes |
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What is true of stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales? (See hint) |
They are modified leaves |
A) They are found on flowers B) The are female reproductive parts C) None are capable of photosynthesis D) They are modified leaves E) They are found on angiosperms |
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When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that ___ |
Fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae |
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Which description does not apply equally well to both sexual and asexual spores? (See hint) |
Are produced by meiosis |
A) Are produced by meiosis B) Have haploid nuclei C) Represent the dispersal stage D) Upon germination, will subsequently undergo S phase and mitosis |
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Which event during the evolution of land plants probably made the synthesis of secondary compounds more beneficial? |
The rise of herbivory |
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Which feature in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution? |
Flagellated spores |
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What best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? |
Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae |
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Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms? (See hint) |
Pollen |
A) Nonfertile flower parts B) Fruits C) Carpels D) Pollen |
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What likely caused the Salem Witch Trials? |
Ergotism |
A fungus accidentally consumed along with rye flour |
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Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiopserms? (See hint) |
Double internal fertilization |
A) Complete reliance on wind as the pollinating agent B) Free-living gametophytes C) Double internal fertilization D) Rhizoids that act as roots |
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What land plant has both flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle? |
Fern |
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Which of the following bryophyte statements is true? (See hint) |
Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia |
A) Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia B) Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim to one another C) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction |
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What kind of tissue does the flower contain? |
Sporophyte |
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Whole forests were dominated by ___ during the Carboniferous period. |
Large, seedless vascular plants |
Ferns |
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In mosses, antheridia and archegonia are produced by ____ |
Gametophytes |
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Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants? (See hint) |
The presence of chloroplasts |
A) Similarities in cell wall formation during cell division B) Similarities in proteins that synthesize cellulose C) The presence of chloroplasts D) Genetic similarities in chloroplasts E) Similar sperm structure |
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The pollen tube is most directly produced by the ___ |
Male gametophyte |
male/female gametophyte/sporophyte |
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Which is the most similar to the charophytes? (See hint) |
Bryophytes |
A) Lycophytes B) Bryophytes C) Pterophytes D) Angiosperms E) Gymnosperms |
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In a pine, how do female gametophytes produce eggs? |
Mitosis |
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What may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos? |
Archegonia |
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The phylum Anthophyta is composed of which four groups? |
Monocots, Eudicots, Magnoliids, and basal angiosperms |
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Conifer pollen grains contain ___ (See hint) |
Male gametophytes |
male/female gametophyte/sporophyte |
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What refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves? |
Endophytes |
Not lichen |
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Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land? (See hint) |
1 & 2 |
1. The relative number of potential predators 2. The relative number of competitors 3. The relative availability of rich, organic soil 4. Air's relative lack of support, compared to water's support The answer is one or more of these responses |
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Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cell's chromosome number than does meiosis I? |
Karyogamy |
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Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs? (See hint) |
4>2>3>1 |
1. Sporophyte embryo 2. Female gametophyte 3. Egg cell 4. Megaspore |
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According to natural selection, what can individuals not do? |
Evolve |
Individuals |
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What are homologous structures? |
Similarities between organisms due to shared ancestry |
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If two species are in the same area and cannot create a zygote, what is the barrier and are the species sympatric or allopatric? |
Prezygotic, sympatric |
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You are studying three populations of birds. Population A has ten birds, of which one is brown (a recessive trait) and nine are red. Population B has 100 birds, of which 10 are brown. Population C has 30 birds, of which 3 are brown. In which population would it be least likely that an accident would significantly alter the frequency of the brown allele? |
Population B |
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You are studying three populations of birds. Population A has ten birds, of which one is brown (a recessive trait) and nine are red. Population B has 100 birds, of which 10 are brown. Population C has 30 birds, of which 3 are brown. Which population is most likely to be subject to the bottleneck effect? |
Population A |
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In natural selection, do poorly adapted individuals produce offspring? |
Yes, but at a lesser amount than well-adapted individuals |
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The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures. Whales have different skeletal structures, even though all three diverged at around the same time. Why are they different? |
Aquatic environment of whales |
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Why are the DNA sequences of humans and chimpanzees similar? |
Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. |
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Birds with large beaks and small beaks specialize in cracking hard and soft seeds, respectively. If all seeds suddenly shifted from soft to hard, what type of selection would act on the birds? |
Directional selection |
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In the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem, the 2 in 2pq is there because ___ |
Heterozygotes can come about in two ways |
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If any of the conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem is not met, what happens? |
Evolution |
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The main source of genetic variation among human individuals is because of ___ |
The reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction |
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True or false: Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally NOT passed on through genes? |
True |
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Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs, even though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are ___ (See hint) |
I & III |
I. Examples of convergent evolution II. Homologous structures III. Adaptations to a common environment The answer is one or more of these responses |
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A trend toward the decrease in the size of plants on the slopes of mountains as altitudes increase is an example of ___ |
A cline |
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Sparrows with average-sized wings survive better than those with longer or shorter wings, illustrating ___ |
Stabilizing selection |
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What would prove that two species are actually one species? |
The two species interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction |
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What must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population? |
Genetic variation |
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Female house finches prefer to mate with males who have brighter red feathers. This is ___ (See hint) |
I, II, & III |
I. Mate choice II. Intersexual selection III. Sexual selection The answer is one or more of these responses |
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There are various fossils of various grasshoppers that must be identified. What species concept is the best to use? |
Morphological |
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Which of the following statements, according to the biological species concept, is/are correct? (See hint) |
I Only |
I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life III. Biological species can be sexual or asexual The answer is one or more of these responses |
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With what other idea of his time was Cuvier's theory of catastrophism most in conflict? |
Uniformitarianism |
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What form of selection makes a species have two strikingly different color patterns or other adaptations? |
Disruptive selection |
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At least how many genes must be changed in order for speciation to occur? |
Speciation can involve changes to a single gene |
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What is the evolution of new species and higher taxa? |
Macroevolution |
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What was the prevailing belief prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin? |
Earth is a few thousand years old and populations are unchanging |
How old was the Earth and how fast, if ever, were populations changing? |
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Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing ___ |
Gene flow |
One of the violations of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem |
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A hybrid zone is properly defined as ___ |
An area where mating occurs between two closely related species |
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What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries? |
Gene flow |
One of the violations of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem |
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Which violation of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem most consistently has a greater effect on small populations? |
Genetic drift |
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According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that ___ |
Speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time |
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If two species have very different mating rituals, what kind of reproductive isolation does this represent? |
Behavioral isolation |
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What should decline in hybrid zones where reinforcement is occurring? |
Gene flow between distinct gene pools |
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Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism keeping these two frog species separate? |
The postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability |
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When the sex ratio of a biological species is anything other than 50/50, the members of the minority sex will receive more care and resources than those of the majority sex. This is ___ |
Frequency-dependent selection |
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Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? (See hint) |
2>4>1>3 |
1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals 2. A change occurs in the environment 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship |
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Zombies ___ A. Ate Hardy B. Ate Weinberg C. Both A and B are correct D. As individuals, are not evolving in a biological sense |
As individuals, are not evolving in a biological sense |
idk but it was in the test, so... (Answer's D, just in case you didn't know) |
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Sexual dimorphism is most often a result of ___ |
Intersexual selection |
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What is the differential survival and reproduction of the most-fit phenotypes? |
Evolution |
Not natural selection |
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Mutations occur at random. What can preserve and distribute the beneficial mutations? |
Natural selections |
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Who was the first to propose a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence? |
Charles Darwin |
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What is natural selection limited to modifying? |
Structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species |
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What did Darwin learn from the writings of Thomas Malthus? |
Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their resources normally allows |
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What two kinds of taxa are problematic when the goal is to construct phylogenies that accurately reflect evolutionary history? |
Polyphyletic taxa and paraphyletic taxa |
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The best classification system is that which most closely reflects ____ |
Evolutionary history |
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What kind of evidence has made it necessary to assign the prokaryotes to either of two domains, rather than assigning all prokaryotes to the same kingdom? |
Molecular evidence |
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Which kingdom has been replaced with two domains? |
Monera |
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What accounts for horizontal gene flow among early prokaryotes? |
Endosymbiosis |
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What kind of DNA are prokaryote genomes composed of? |
Circular |
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What is a capsule? |
A cell covering that often enables active cells that possess it to resist the defenses of host organisms |
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Prokaryotes' essential genetic information is located in the ___ |
Nucleoid |
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If a drug-resistant bacterium performs conjugation involving a copy of the resistance plasmid, then the result should be _____ |
The rapid spread of drug resistance to other bacteria in that habitat |
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What is the primary source of genetic variations in prokaryote populations? |
Mutations |
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Describe a prokaryote that obtains both energy and carbon as it decomposes dead organisms (See hint) |
Chemotroph and Heterotroph |
1. Chemotroph 2. Phototroph 3. Autotroph 4. Heterotroph The answer is one or more of these responses |
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Which phenomenon accounts for the movement of genes between taxa? |
Horizontal gene transfer |
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What has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species? |
Genetic prospecting |
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Which of the following do all archaeans and bacteria share? (See hint) |
II & III |
I. Composition of cell wall II. Presence of plasma membrane III. Lack of a nuclear envelope The answer is one or more of these responses |
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What kind of archaea should be most resistant to bursting in hypertonic environments? |
Extreme halophile |
"Hypertonic" meaning a lot of salt in the environment |
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A thermoacidophile lacks peptidoglycan, but still possesses a cell wall. What is most likely to be true of this species? (See hint) |
II, IV, and V |
I. It is a bacterium II. It is an archaean. III. The optimal pH of its enzymes will lie below pH 7. IV. The optimal pH of its enzymes will lie above pH 7. V. It could inhabit certain hydrothermal springs. VI. It could inhabit alkaline hot springs The answer is one or more of these responses. |
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In general, what is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes? |
Breaking down organic matter |
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Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from ___ (See hint) |
Meiosis |
A) Transduction B) Transformation C) Meiosis D) Mutation E) Conjugation |
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Which role typically does not involve symbiosis? (See hint) |
Decomposer |
A) Gut mutualist B) Parasitic pathogen C) Skin commensalist D) Decomposer |
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What should allow a prokaryote to perform chemotaxis most easily? |
Flagellum |
Chemotaxis is movement in response to a chemical stimulus, so it's something that allows for movement. |
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What kind of prokaryote is most self-sustaining in terms of obtaining nutrition in environments containing little fixed nitrogen or carbon? (See hint) |
Photoautotroph |
Photo/chemo and autotroph/heterotroph |
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What two features indicate an abundance of phospholipid bilayers in a prokaryote's cytoplasm? |
Internal membranes & thylakoids |
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What metabolic pathway means that a prokaryote which uses it is probably an important contributor to the base of aquatic food chains as a primary producer? |
Aerobic photosystems I & II |
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Photoautotrophs use ___ as an energy source and ___ as a carbon source |
Light as an energy source and carbon dioxide as a carbon source |
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Plantlike photosynthesis that releases carbon dioxide occurs in ___ |
Cyanobacteria |
It's a prokaryote that eventually became the chloroplast |
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All protists are ___ (See hint) |
Eukaryotic |
A) Mixotrophic B) Monophyletic C) Unicellular D) Eukaryotic E) Symbionts |
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How did mitochondria originate? |
From engulfed, originally free- living proteobacteria |
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An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. What most likely accounts for its continued survival? |
It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absroption |
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Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium? (See hint) |
Chloroplast |
A) Mitosome B) Hydrogenosome C) Chloroplast D) Mitochondrion |
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Which genus of eugleonzoids has members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? |
Trypanosoma |
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The red tide organisms are ___ |
Dinoflagellates |
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How many flagella do dinoflagellates possess? |
Two |
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You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions. It has well- developed organelles and three nuclei, one large and two small. This organism is most likely to be a member of which group? |
Ciliates |
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Which process results in genetic recombination, but is separate from the process by which the population size of Paramecium increases? |
Conjugation |
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Why are the similar morphologies of fungi and slime molds considered a case of convergent evolution? |
In both cases, filamentoous shape is an adaptation for the absroptive nutritional mode of a decomposer |
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A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following? (See hint) |
Holdfasts |
A) Thalli B) Holdfasts C) Flotation bladders D) Stipes |
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Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagoctosis are generally characteristics of which group? |
Radiolarians and forams |
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A multichambered, snail-like, coiled, porous test is characteristic of which group? |
Foraminiferans |
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The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? (See hint) |
Cyanobacteria>Green Algae>Land Plants |
A) Cyanobacteria>Green Algae>Fungi>Land Plants B) Cyanobacteria>Red Algae>Land Plants C) Red Algae>Brown Algae>Green Algae>Land Plants D) Cyanobacteria>Green Algae>Land Plants |
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Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer? (See hint) |
Diatom |
A) Kinetoplastid B) Jason Bourne C) Diatom D) Radiolarian E) Apicomplexan |
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You are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of the following structures would you provide your protist? (See hint) |
3 & 4 |
1. Hydrogenosome 2. Apicoplast 3. Pseudopods 4. Chloroplast from red algae |
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Giardia Lamblia is an intestinal parasite of humans and other mammals that causes intestinal ailments in most people who ingest the cysts. Upon ingestion, each cyst releases two motile cells, called trophozoites. The trophozoites anaerobically metabolize glucose from the host's intestinal contents to feed. A trophozoite will often encyst as it passes into the large intestine by secreting around itself a case that is resistant to cold, heat, and dehydration. Infection usually occurs by drinking untreated water that contains cysts. The cysts of Giarda are most analogous to the ___ of bacteria. |
Endospores |
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Giardia Lamblia is an intestinal parasite of humans and other mammals that causes intestinal ailments in most people who ingest the cysts. Upon ingestion, each cyst releases two motile cells, called trophozoites. The trophozoites anaerobically metabolize glucose from the host's intestinal contents to feed. A trophozoite will often encyst as it passes into the large intestine by secreting around itself a case that is resistant to cold, heat, and dehydration. Infection usually occurs by drinking untreated water that contains cysts. Giardia would be classified as all of these except ___ (See hint) |
Mixotroph |
A) Heterotroph B) Mixotroph C) Symbiont D) Parasite |
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A land snail, an octopus, and a clam all share ___ (See hint) |
A mantle |
A) Mantle B) Distinct cephalization C) A radula D) Gills |
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A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics? (See hint) |
No jaws |
A) Legs B) Endothermy C) No jaws D) An amniotic egg |
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A shared derived characteristic for members of the arthropod subgroup that includes spiders would be the presence of___ |
Chelicerae |
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A stalked, sessile marine organism has several feathery feeding structures surrounding an opening through which food enters. The organism could potentially be a cnidarian, a lophophorate, a tube-dwelling worm, a crustacean, or an echinoderm. Which of the following traits, if found in this organism, would allow the greatest certainty of identification? (See hint) |
A water vascular system |
A) A nervous system B) A water vascular system C) A digestive system with mouth and anus separate from each other D) The presence of what seems to be radial symmetry |
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A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and to lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells (i.e., spiral cleavage). This may eventually develop into a(n) _____ (See hint) |
Earthworm |
A) Sea star B) Turtle C) Earthworm D) Fish |
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A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and to lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells (i.e., spiral cleavage).If we were to separate these eight cells and attempt to culture them individually, then what is most likely to happen? |
Each cell may continue development, but only into a nonviable embryo that lacks many parts |
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A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was ___ |
Feet with digits |
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Acoelomates are characterized by a solid body with no ___ surrounding internal organs |
Cavity |
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Gastrulation is a characteristic unique to ___ |
Animals |
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Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have ___ |
Wings |
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At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo? |
Cleavage |
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Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive to least inclusive (See hint) |
2>4>3>5>1 |
1. Amphibians 2. Gnathostomes 3. Lobe-fins 4. Osteichthyans 5. Tetrapods |
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Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition by ___ |
Ingesting it |
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Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as ____ |
Suspension-feeding devices |
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Corals are most closely related to which group? |
Sea anemones |
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Internal fertilization, leathery amniotic egg, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of ___ |
Nonbird reptiles |
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Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates? (See hint) |
Ray-finned fishes |
A) Ray-finned fishes B) Nobird reptiles C) Mammals D) Birds E) Amphibians |
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Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? (See hint) |
2>1>3>4 |
1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments. 2. Cambrian explosion occurs. 3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments. 4. Vertebrates become top predators on land. |
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How many of the following are characteristics of arthropods? (See hint) |
Three of these |
1. Protostome development 2. Bilateral symmetry 3. A pseudocoelom 4. Three embryonic germ layers 5. A closed circulatory system |
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How many of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the phylum Cnidaria? (See hint) |
Four of these |
1. A gastrovascular cavity 2. A polyp stage 3. A medusa stage 4. Cnidocytes 5. A pseudocoelom |
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How many of the following can be used to distinguish a nematode worm from an annelid worm? (See hint) |
Two of these |
1. Type of body cavity 2. Shape of worm in cross-sectional view 3. Presence of segmentation 4. Number of embryonic tissue layers |
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In a tide pool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that contains much calcium carbonate, an open circulatory system, and gills. The organism could potentially be a crab, a shrimp, a barnacle, or a bivalve. The presence of which of the following structures would allow for the most certain identification of the organism? (See hint) |
A mantle |
A) A filter-feeding apparatus B) A mantle C) Eyes D) A heart E) A body cavity |
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Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes? |
Chondrichthyans |
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Lampreys differ from hagfishes in ___ |
Having vertebrae |
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Sponges are most accurately described as ____ |
Aquatic filter feeders |
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The blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during ____ |
Gastrulation |
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The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of _____ |
True tissues |
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The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function? |
Feeding |
These structures were jaws and teeth |
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The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a ___ |
Flagellated protist |
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The members of which clade in the phylum Cnidaria occur only as polyps? |
Anthozoa |
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The most ancient branch point within animal phylogeny is that between having _____ |
True tissues or no tissues |
Sponges vs. every other animal |
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What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates _____ |
Have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not |
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What distinguishes complete metamorphosis from incomplete metamorphosis? |
The radically different appearance between adults and earlier life stages |
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What do animals as diverse as corals and monkeys have in common? |
The presence of Hox genes |
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What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? (See hint) |
5>3>2>1>4 |
1. Tetrapods 2. Vertebrates 3. Deuterosomes 4. Amniotes 5. Bilateria |
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What is true of the clade Ecdysozoa? |
It includes some, but not all, animals that molt at some time in their lives |
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What should be true of the fossils of the earliest tetrapods? |
They should indicate limited adaptation to land |
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What characteristic is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms? |
A digestive system with a single opening |
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Which clade in the phylum Cnidaria includes "jellies" with rounded medusae? |
Scyphozoa |
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Which era is known as the "age of reptiles?" |
Mesozoic |
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Are echinodermata entirely aquatic, entirely terrestrial, or partially each? |
Entirely aquatic |
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What are the only extant animals that descended directly from the dinosaurs? |
Birds |
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Which of the following belongs to the lobe-fin clade? (See hint) |
Tetrapods |
A) Ray-finned fishes B) Chondrichthyans C) Lampreys D) Tetrapods E) Hagfishes |
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Which of the following is unique to animals? (See hint) |
Nervous system and muscular movement |
A) The structural carbohydrate, chitin B) Cells that contain mitochondria C) Nervous system and muscular movement D) Heterotrophy |
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What is a diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators? |
Cnidaria |
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Choanocytes are characteristic of the clade ____ |
Porifera |
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What describes protostome development? (See hint) |
Spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth |
Spiral/radial and in/determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth/anus |
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Which of the following was probably the least important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion? (See hint) |
The movement of animals onto land |
A. the accumulation of diverse adaptations, such as shells and different modes of locomotion B. the accumulation of sufficient atmospheric oxygen to support the more active metabolism of mobile animal C. the origin of Hox genes and other genetic changes affecting the regulation of developmental genes D. the movement of animals onto land E. the emergence of predator-prey relationships among animals |
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What are the two groups that are amniotes? |
Reptilia and Mammalia |
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The shelled, amniotic egg added to vertebrate success in relatively ___ environments |
Dry |
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What is the best way to determine whether a fossil is a mammal or a reptile? (Morphologically) |
Examining the teeth |
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Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body? |
Arthropoda |
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While diving along the Great Barrier Reef, you encounter a marine creature that exhibits the following characteristics: no symmetry and sessile lifestyle. You take a sample of the organism, and later discover that this organisms has not true tissues. You have encountered a(n) ____ |
Sponge/Porifera |
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While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n) _____ |
Mollusc |
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Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthough |
It allows for deposition of eggs in a terrestrial environment |
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With the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive. (See hint) |
3>4>2>1 |
1. Ecdysozoan 2. Protostome 3. Eumetazoan 4. Triploblastic |
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True or False: The four chordate characteristics can be found on any chordate at any stage of development? |
False |
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