Bio 112 Exam 2

Front 1

Community

Back 1

An assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction.

Front 2

Species Richness

Back 2

The amount of different species in a given location.

Front 3

Abundance

Back 3

The amount of each type of species of different species.

Front 4

Interspecific interactions

Back 4

Relationships between the species of a community.

Front 5

Interspecific competition

Back 5

Competition for a certain resources when there is a limited.

Front 6

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Back 6

Two species with similar needs for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place.

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Ecological Niche

Back 7

The sum total's of an organism's use of abiotic/ biotic resources in the environment.

Front 8

Niche

Back 8

An organism's role in the environment.

Front 9

Resource partitioning

Back 9

The differentiation of niches that enables two similar species to coexist in a community.

Front 10

Character displacement

Back 10

The tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species.

Front 11

Predation

Back 11

A predator eats prey.

Front 12

Herbivore

Back 12

Animals that eat plants.

Front 13

Parasitism

Back 13

Predators that live on/in a host and depend on the host for nutrition.

Front 14

Behavioral Defense

Back 14

Actions such as fleeing, hiding, self defense (biting, stinging), noises (deep noises to sound bigger), and mobbing.

Front 15

Camouflage (Cryptic Coloration)

Back 15

Organisms whose coloration allows them to blend into their environment.

Front 16

Mechanical defenses

Back 16

Organisms that have characteristics such as spines.

Front 17

Chemical defenses

Back 17

Organisms that have characteristics such as odors or toxins.

Front 18

Aposematic coloration

Back 18

Coloration that indicates toxins through warning colors.

Front 19

Mimicry

Back 19

When an organism resembles another species.

Front 20

Batesian Mimicry

Back 20

A harmless species mimics a harmful one.

Front 21

Müllerian Mimicry

Back 21

Two or more species resemble each other.

Front 22

Endoparasite

Back 22

Parasites that live inside the host (tapeworm).

Front 23

Ectoparasite

Back 23

Parasites that live on the surface of the host (ticks).

Front 24

Parasitoidism

Back 24

A type of parasitism where the parasite eventually kills the host.

Front 25

Pathogen

Back 25

Predators that are disease-causing organisms.

Front 26

Mutualism

Back 26

Interactions in which two species benefit.

Front 27

Commensalism

Back 27

Interactions where one species benefits, while the other one isn't affected.

Front 28

Coevolution

Back 28

When one species evolves, it exerts selective pressure on the other to evolve to continue the interaction.

Front 29

Food chain

Back 29

The transfer of food energy from its source in photosynthetic organisms through herbivores and carnivores.

Front 30

Trophic levels

Back 30

The links or levels of a food chain.

Front 31

Food web

Back 31

The relationship between every species in an environment, connected into many food chains.

Front 32

Energetic hypothesis

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The length of the food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain.

Front 33

Dynamic stability hypothesis

Back 33

Long food chains are less stable than short chains.

Front 34

Dominant species

Back 34

Species in a community that have the highest abundance or highest biomass.

Front 35

Keystone species

Back 35

A species that exert an important regulating effect on other species in a community.

Front 36

Disturbance

Back 36

Events like fires, weather, or human activities that can alter communities.

Front 37

Ecological succession

Back 37

The transition in species composition over ecological time.

Front 38

Primary succession

Back 38

The initial phase in a lifeless area where soil has not yet formed, and the development of soil occurs through mosses and lichens.

Front 39

Secondary succession

Back 39

An existing community has been cleared, but the soil is left intact. The plants come first, followed by the animals.

Front 40

Ecosystem

Back 40

All organisms living in a community as well as all the abiotic factors with which they interact.

Front 41

Autotrophs

Back 41

Primary producers that are usually photosynthetic.

Front 42

Heterotrophs

Back 42

Organisms that are trophic levels above the autotrophs, and depend on the autotroph's photosynthetic output.

Front 43

Primary consumers

Back 43

Herbivores that eat primary producers.

Front 44

Secondary consumers

Back 44

Carnivores that eat herbivores.

Front 45

Tertiary consumers

Back 45

Carnivores that eat the secondary consumers.

Front 46

Detritivores

Back 46

Organisms that get their energy from non-living organic material, and help material cycling.

Front 47

Secondary consumers

Back 47

The amount of chemical energy in consumer's food that is converted to their own new biomass.

Front 48

Production efficiency

Back 48

The relationship between the energy used for growth v.s. the energy used for daily needs.

Front 49

Trophic efficiency

Back 49

The percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next.

Front 50

Pyramids of Production

Back 50

Depictions of the multiplicative loss of energy from a food chain.

Front 51

Biomass pyramids

Back 51

Depictions of the ecological consequence of low trophic efficiencies.

Front 52

Acid precipitation

Back 52

The releasing of sulfur oxides and nitrogen react with water in the atmosphere to produce sulfuric and nitric acid, which falls to the earth as acid precipitation.

Front 53

Biological Magnification

Back 53

The increased concentration of toxins from one trophic level to the next.

Front 54

Greenhouse effect

Back 54

The increased retention of solar radiation due to the thickening of the atmosphere.

Front 55

Global Warming

Back 55

A doubling of CO2 in the atmosphere will cause a 2C increase in the average temperature of Earth.

Front 56

Coriolis Effect

Back 56

The rotation of the Earth that causes air masses to move clockwise north of the equator, and counterclockwise south of the equator.

Front 57

Permafrost

Back 57

Permanent ice that exists within 1 meter of the surface.

Front 58

Gyres

Back 58

Large currents altered by the rotation of the Earth.

Front 59

El Niño

Back 59

The reversing of the trade wind along South America, which occurs every 2-7 years.

Front 60

Upwelling

Back 60

Trade winds push warm water away from the surface, allowing cold water to well from the depths.

Front 61

Plankton

Back 61

Free drifting microscopic organisms.

Front 62

Nekton

Back 62

Fish and other large organisms that feed on the plankton and each other.

Front 63

Chemosynthesis

Back 63

Organisms that use H2S for energy instead of sunlight.

Front 64

Thermal Stratification

Back 64

The layering effect due to temperature differences that occur in large temperate lakes.

Front 65

Epilimnion

Back 65

Warmer water at the surface of lakes.

Front 66

Hypolimnion

Back 66

Cooler water below the warm surface water in a lake.

Front 67

Thermocline

Back 67

The separation that occurs due to abrupt changes in temperature in lakes.

Front 68

Endangered species

Back 68

A species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

Front 69

Threatened species

Back 69

A species that is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future.

Front 70

Fragmentation

Back 70

Occurs when small "islands" of quality habitat are left after massive habitat destruction, which can lead to local extinction due to genetic drift and isolation.

Front 71

Small population approach

Back 71

A method that studies the processes that can cause very small populations to finally become extinct.

Front 72

Extinction Vortex

Back 72

Inbreeding and genetic drift contribute continually to a decline in species population until extinction.

Front 73

Minimum viable population size

Back 73

A minimum size when a rare species population can sustain their members and survive.

Front 74

Population Viability Analysis

Back 74

A prediction for the population's chances for survival.

Front 75

Effective population size

Back 75

An equation that is based on the breeding potential of a population.

Front 76

Declining population approach

Back 76

A method that focuses on threatened and endangered species, even if they are above their minimum viable size.

Front 77

Edges (ecotones)

Back 77

Transitions between ecosystems, important sites of speciation.

Front 78

Movement Corridors

Back 78

Narrow strips or series of small clumps of ecosystems, connecting isolated patches of habitat.

Front 79

Biodiversity hotspots

Back 79

Small areas with exceptionally high concentrations of endemic species.qa

Front 80

Restorative Ecology

Back 80

Application of ecological principles in an effort to return degraded ecosystems to conditions similar as possible to their natural, pregraded states.

Front 81

Lysogenic cycle

Back 81

The stage where the viral DNA is incorporated into the host's genome through recombination. The DNA will replicate, and the daughter cells will contain the new viral DNA.

Front 82

Lytic cycle

Back 82

The stage where the host cell is used to become a virus-producing factory, and the cell lyses to release the new viruses.

Front 83

Prophage stage

Back 83

The stage where the viral genome is replicated into the host's DNA.

Front 84

Temperate phages

Back 84

Phages that contain both a lytic and lysogenic cycle.

Front 85

Virulent phages

Back 85

Phages that only contain the lytic cycle.

Front 86

Vaccine

Back 86

A harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to mount defenses against a harmful pathogen.

Front 87

Retrovirus

Back 87

A type of virus that can replicate RNA to create a DNA copy, and then enter the lysogenic phase.

Front 88

Prion

Back 88

A mis-folded protein that becomes a chaperon protein, causing disease (mad cow disease).

Front 89

Extremophiles

Back 89

Archae that live in extreme environments.

Front 90

Bacillus

Back 90

Straight and rod-shaped bacteria.

Front 91

Coccus

Back 91

Spherical shaped bacteria.

Front 92

Spirillum

Back 92

Long helical shaped bacteria.

Front 93

Spore

Back 93

Single celled bodies that grow into new bacterial individuals.

Front 94

Gram Positive Bacteria

Back 94

Bacteria which have a simpler, thicker peptidoglycan walls that stain purple with Gram stain.

Front 95

Gram Negative Bacteria

Back 95

Bacteria which have a complex, thin peptidoglycan walls that don't stain with Gram stain.

Front 96

Pilli

Back 96

Bacterial surface appendages that are used to adhere to other surfaces and exchange genetic information.

Front 97

Endospore

Back 97

Thick walls that prokaryotes build around their genome for protection.

Front 98

Phototroph

Back 98

Species that use light energy.

Front 99

Chemotrophs

Back 99

Species that obtain energy from chemicals in their surroundings.

Front 100

Bacteria autotrophs

Back 100

Organisms that only need CO2 as a carbon source.

Front 101

Bacteria Heterotrophs

Back 101

Organisms that require at least one organic nutrient as a carbon source.

Front 102

Photoautotrophs

Back 102

Photosynthetic organisms that harness energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide.

Front 103

Chemoautotrophs

Back 103

Organisms that require CO2 for carbon source, but get energy from oxidizing chemicals.

Front 104

Photoheterotrophs

Back 104

Organisms that use light to synthesize ATP, but obtain their carbon in organic form.

Front 105

Chemoheterotrophs

Back 105

Organisms that must consume organic molecules for energy and carbon.

Front 106

Obligate aerobe

Back 106

Organisms that require oxygen for cellular respiration.

Front 107

Facultative aerobe

Back 107

Organisms that can use either oxygen or fermentation for cell respiration.

Front 108

Obligate anaerobe

Back 108

Organisms that will die if exposed to oxygen.

Front 109

Exotoxin

Back 109

Proteins that are secreted by the prokaryote which cause diseases such as cholera.

Front 110

Endotoxin

Back 110

Compounds of the outer membrane of some gram-negative bacteria, which causes salmonella.

Front 111

Extreme halophile

Back 111

Archae that live in highly saline environments.

Front 112

Extreme Thermophile

Back 112

Archae that thrive in very hot environments.

Front 113

Methanogens

Back 113

Archae that live in both extreme and moderate environments, but don't use oxygen.