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100 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
a change in the sequence of an organism's DNA that can serve as the source of new alleles
mutation
one of several alternative versions of a gene
allele
a type of allele interaction in which the effects of both alleles at a given genetic locus are equally visible in the phenotype of a heterozygote
codominance
a genetic trait whose pattern of inheritance cannot be predicted by Mendel's laws of inheritance.
complex trait
of or referring to a cell or organism that has two complete sets of homologous chromosomes (2n)
diploid
of or referring to an allele that determines the phenotype when it is paired with a recessive allele in a heterozygous individual
dominant
a gene interaction in which the phenotypic effect of the alleles of one gene depends on which alleles are present for another, independently inherited gene
epitasis
the smallest units of DNA that governs a genetic characteristic and contains the code for the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule
gene
the scientific study of the inheritance of characteristics encoded by DNA
genetics
The allele makeup that is responsible for a particular trait displayed by an individual
genotype
of or referring to an individual that carries one copy of each of two different alleles (Aa)
heterozygous
of or referring to an individual that carries two copies of the same allele (AA)
homozygous
a type of allelic interaction in which heterozygotes are intermediate in phenotype between the two homozygotes for a particular gene
incomplete dominance
Mendel's second law, which states that when gametes form, the separation of alleles of one gene is independent of the separation of alleles of other genes. We now know that this law does not apply to genes that are linked.
independent assortment
Mendel's first law, which states that the two copies of a gene separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes
segregation
the specific version of a genetic trait that is displayed by a given individual
phenotype
a type of genetic control in which a single gene infuences a variety of different traits
pleiotropy
of or referring to inherited traits that are determined by the action of more than one gene
polygenic
of or referring to an allele that does not have a phenotypic effect when paired with a dominant allele in a heterzygote
recessive
if a pea plant that is homozygous dominant for yellow seeds is crossed to a pea plant that is homozygous recessive for green seeds, that would the phenotype of their offspring be?
100% yellow
if a person who is a carrier for the recessive genetic disorder albinism produces offspring with a person who has albinism, what is the chance that their first child will have albinism?
50% chance
if a person with blood type AB were to produce offspring with a person of blood type O, what are the possible blood types of their children?
A or B
The alleles for snapdragon flower color exhibit incomplete dominance. Based on this, what would be the possible flower colors of the offspring resulting from a cross between a red snapdragon and a white snapdragon?
pink only
the SRY gene on the male Y chromosome influences many characteristics and is therefore a great example of what?
pleiotropy
for any trait that is governed by a dominant and recessive allele, what would the phenotype ratio be for the offspring of a cross between two heterozygotes?
3:1
A chart that shows genetic relationships among family members over two or more generations of a family's history
pedigree
a physical exchange of chromosomal segments between paired paternal and maternal members of homologous chromosomes
crossing-over
in genetics, a mutation in which one or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence of a gene, or a piece breaks off from a chromosome and is lost
deletion
in genetics, a mutation in which an extra copy of a gene or DNA fragment appears along side the original, increasing the length of the chromosome
duplication
a heterozygous individual (Aa) that carries the allele for a recessive genetic disorder but, because the allele is recessive, does not get the disorder
genetic carrier
the situation in which different genes that are located close to one another on the same chromosome are inherited together; that is, they do not follow Mendel's law of independent assortment
genetic linkage
the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes during meiosis
independent assortment
in genetics, a mutation in which a fragment of a chromosome breaks off and returns to the correct place on the original chromosome, but with the genetic loci in reverse order
inversion
the physical location of a gene on a chromosome
locus
either of a pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of an individual
sex chromosome
of or referring to genes located on a sex chromosome
sex-linked
a gene, located on the Y chromosome, that functions as a master switch, committing the sex of the undeveloped embryo to "male"
SRY gene
in genetics, a mutation in which a segment of a chromosome breaks off and is then attached to a different, nonhomologous chromosome
translocation
in diploid organisms, the condition of having three copies of a chromosome
trisomy
down syndrome in humans is an example of what?
an inappropriate number of chromosomes
which of the following is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation?
brachydactyly
if a mother that is a carrier for an x-linked recessive mutation produces offspring with an unaffected father, what is the likely hood of them having an affected daughter?
0%
if a mother that is a carrier for an x-linked recessive mutation produces offspring with an unaffected father, what is the likely hood of them having an affected son?
25%
if a mother that is a carrier for an x-linked recessive mutation produces offspring with an unaffected father, who has a loss of function mutation in the SRY gene of his sperm producing cells, what is the likely hood of them having an unaffected son?
0%
If a mother with one copy of a mutation for brachydactyly produces offspring with an unaffected father, what is the likely hood of them producing affected offspring?
50%

The actress Linda Hunt has Turner Syndrome. This is an example of what?
a sex-chromosome monosomy
which of the autosomal aneuploidies is commonly survivable to adulthood?
trisomy 21
which trisomies result in Klinefelter's syndrome?
XXY

two genes are known to be on the same chromosome, yet analysis of genetic crosses involving these genes suggests that they assort independently. The most plausible explanation for this observation is that they are


on opposite ends of the chromosome


what is caused by an x-linked recessive mutation?
hemophillia

what is the most common means of gene expression control?


Regulation of transcription


a change in the sequence of an organism's DNA
mutation
a pair of complementary nitrogenous bases connected by hydrogen bonds
base pair
deoxyribonucleic acid, a double stranded molecule consisting of two spirally wound polymers of nucleotides that store genetic information, including the information needed to synthesize proteins
DNA
the key enzyme that cells use to replicate their DNA
DNA polymerase
the duplication, or copying, of a DNA molecule
Replication
A DNA sequence within a gene that encodes part of a protein
exon
the smallest unit of DNA that governs a genetic characteristic and contains the code for the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule
gene
all of the DNA of an organism, including all its genes; in eukaryotes, the term refers to the DNA in a haploid set of chromosomes, such as that found in a sperm or egg
genome
a gene that has an essential role in the maintenance of cellular activities and is expressed by the most cells in the body
housekeeping gene
a sequence of nitrogenous bases within a gene that does not specify part of the gene's final protein or RNA product
intron
a type if RNA that specifies the order of amino acids in a protein
mRNA
a substance or energy source that alters DNA
mutagen
introns and spacer DNA are two common types of what?
non-coding DNA
what must be removed or spliced out of newly formed mRNA, tRNA and rRNA molecules for these molecules to function properly?
introns
the DNA sequence in a gene that RNA polymerase binds to in order to begin transcription?
promoter
DNA sequence that can increase, decrease, turn on, or turn off the expression of a gene or a group of genes
regulatory DNA
a protein that signals whether or not a particular gene or group of genes should be expressed
transcription factor
a molecule composed of proteins and RNA at which new proteins are synthesized
ribosome

the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
transcription
the conversion of a sequence of nitrogenous bases in an mRNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids in a protein
translation

a DNA sequence that can move from one position on a chromosome to another, or from one chromosome to another
transposon
where does transcription take place in a eukaryotic cell?
nucleus
where does translation take place in a eukaryotic cell?
cytoplasm
what is not an essential component of translation
RNA polymerase
a sequence of three nitrogenous bases on transfer RNA molecule that enables it for form complementary base pairs with a corresponding codon on an mRNA molecule
anticodon
a sequence of three nitrogenous bases in an mRNA molecule that specifies either a particular amino acid or a signal to start or stop the translation of a protein
codon
a mutation in which one or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence of a gene
deletion

what type of mutation do insertions or deletions result in?
frameshift
of the 64 possible codons, how many code for amino acids?
61
a type of RNA that specifies the order of amino acids in a protein
mRNA
a mutation in which only a single base is altered
point
a type of RNA that is an important component of ribosomes
rRNA
the key enzyme in DNA transcription that links together the nucleotides of the RNA molecule specified by that gene
RNA polymerase
during RNA splicing, what is removed from the pre-mRNA
introns
a three-nucleotide sequence on an mRNA molecule that signals where translation should begin
start codon
a three-nucleotide sequence on an mRNA molecule that signals where translation should end
stop codon
a mutation in which one nitrogenous base is replaced by another at a single position in the DNA sequence of a gene
subsitution
in gene transcription, the strand of DNA (of the two strands in a DNA molecule) that is copied into RNA and is therefore complementary to the RNA synthesized from it
template strand
the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
transcription
in bacterial gene transcription, a DNA sequence that causes transcription to end and the newly formed mRNA molecule to separate from its DNA template
terminator
a type of RNA that transfers the amino acid specified by the mRNA to the ribosome during protein synthesis
tRNA
the conversion of a sequence of nitrogenous bases in an mRNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids in a protein
translation
a mechanism for selectively blocking the expression of a given gene in which small chunks of RNA silence genes that share nucleotide sequence similarities with them
RNAi
which of the following is not transcribed in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
tRNA
what type of mutation in the DNA does not lead to a change in the resultant amino acid?
silent
what type of mutation typically results in a change in identity of many amino acids?
frameshift
what would the mRNA transcript be for the DNA template strand 3'-AATGGCTTACCG-5'
5'-UUACCGAAUGGC-3'
If I told you that the sequence of a non-template strand of DNA was 5'-ATGCGCCCATTCGCG-3', what would the mRNA sequence be that was complementary to the template strand?
5'-AUGCGCCCAUUCGCG-3'

A point mutation in an intron would likely result in what?
no effect on the protein