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198 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abiogenesis |
Living thing comes for a non-living thing |
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Manipulated variable |
Deliberately changed |
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Controlled variable |
Constant and not changed |
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Qualitive data (with example) |
Cannot be counted Ex: sense |
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Quantitive data (with example) |
Can be counted Ex: graphs |
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8 characteristics of a living thing |
1.Grow and develop 2. Based on universal genetic code 3. Respond to their environment 4. Made up of cells 5. Reproduce 6 .Maintain a stable internal environment 7. Obtain and use materials and energy 8. Change over time |
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3 pasta if cell theory |
1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things 3. New cells are produced from existing cells |
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Cell culturing |
Group of cells that reproduce from a single cell |
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Cell fractionation |
Separation of cell parts |
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What is an enzyme and what can denature it? |
Enyme is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst pH values and temperature can denature it |
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Hypothesis |
Possible solution to a problem or an explanation of an observer phenomenon |
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Homeostasis |
Maintaining a stable internal environment |
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Hydrophobic |
Rejects water |
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Hydrophilic |
Attracted to water |
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Diffusion |
Process by which molecules move from high to low concentration |
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Osmosis |
Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane |
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Exocytosis |
Membrane of the vacoule surrounding the materials dudes with the cell membrane forcing the contents OUT of the cell |
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Endocytosis |
Process of taking materials INTO the cell in folding or pocket of the cell membrane |
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Pinocytosis |
Tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and punch off to form vacoules within the cell |
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Phagocytosis |
Extensions of the cytoplasm surround a particle and packages it within a food vacoule. Cell then engulfs it, requires lots of energy |
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Hypertonic |
More solute |
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Hypotonic |
Less solute |
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Isotonic |
Same strength of solute |
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Turgid |
Swollen, osmotic pressure from inside the cell |
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What are the long chains of glucose used for energy storage in plants |
Starch |
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What are the long chains of glucose used for energy storage in animals |
Glycogen |
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Monomers of nucleic acids |
Nucelotides |
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Monomers of proteins |
Amino acids |
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Monomers of carbohydrates |
Monosaccharides |
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Monosaccharides ( with example) |
Single sugar molecules Ex: glucose |
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Disaccharides |
2 sugars Ex: lactose |
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Polysaccharides |
Large chain of monosccharides Ex: starch |
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Saturated (with example) |
Max possible number of hydrogen atoms so all carbon are single bonded. Usually solid at room temperature and animal based Ex: butter |
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Unsaturated (with example) |
At least 1 carbon-carbon double bond. Usually liquid at room temperature and plant based. Ex: Olive oil |
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Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
Prokaryotes: no nucleus, generally smaller, less complex, bacteria Eukaryotes: nucleus, larger, complex, highly specialized, animals |
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Difference between plant and animal cells |
Plants have cell walls Animals have centrioles Planes have chloroplasts |
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Active transport |
Energy requiring process that makes material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference |
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Faciliated diffusion |
Movement of specific molexiles across cell membrane through protein channels |
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How can someone for from water intoxication |
Body needs to be in isotonic environment, so when someone drinks a lot of water it has more water in then out. Cells are placed in a Hypertonic solution causing them to expand. Which will expand the brain and stop vital functions |
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Most plants thrive in a Hypitonic surroundings. Explain why this is necessary for optimal growth and which plant cell structure allows this to happen |
Water gives plants nutrients to help with photosynthesis. Helps with structure of plant. Cell wall allows this |
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Autotroph (with example) |
Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds Ex: plants |
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Heterotrophs |
Organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes Ex: animals |
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Function of photosynthesis |
Energy production |
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Where does photosynthesis happen |
Chloroplasts |
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Equation for photosynthesis |
6CO2 + 6H2O ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Function of cellular respiration |
Releases energy |
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Where does cellular respiration happen |
Mitochondria |
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Equation for cellular respiration |
6O2 + C6H12O6 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy |
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What organelles contains chlorophyll |
Chloroplast |
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Two stages of photosynthesis and where |
Light-dependent reaction and that takes place it the thyoakoid membranes Calvin cycle and that takes place in the stroma |
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Factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis |
Light availability and temperature |
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Plants gather the sun's energy with light absorbing molecules called |
Pigments |
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Why do most plants appear green |
Chlorophyll does not absorb light well in green region of the spectrum, so green light is reflected by leaves |
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Why would leaves change colors |
Chlorophyll breaks down, green door disappears so other colors are more visible |
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Where does the kreb cycle take place |
Matrix of the mitochondria |
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Where does the electron transport chain in cellular respiration take place |
Inner membrane if mitochondria |
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What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration that rids of low energy electrons |
Oxygen |
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2 types of fermentation |
Alcoholic fermentation Lactic acid fermentation |
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Air bubbles in bread after its cooked |
When yeast in South runs out of oxygen, fermentation begins, giving off CO2 which forms air bubbles |
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When the body needs to exercise for longer than 90 seconds, it generates ATP by carringing out |
Cellular respiration |
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Compare runners and sprinters |
Sprinters use glycolysis and lactic acid Runners use cellular respiration |
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The amount in food is measured in |
Calories |
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Minerals |
Inorganic nutrients that the body needs Ex: calcium |
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Vitamin |
organic molecules that help regulate body process Ex: vitamin D |
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Essential amino acids |
Must come from food |
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Non essential amino acids |
Body can synthesize |
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Two types of vitamins, which one can be stored in body? |
Fat soluble and water soluble Fat soluble can be stored |
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Valve between stomach and small intestine |
Pyloric valve |
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Where fmdoes most of the mechanical digestion occur |
Mouth |
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Where does chemical digestion begin |
Mouth |
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What is the enzyme in saliva that breaks down the chemical bonds in starch, releasing sugar |
Amylase |
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Peristalsis |
Bolus stretches walls of esophagus, activating smooth muscle which sets up waves of rhythmic contractions that move food along to the stomach |
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Role of pancreas |
Produces enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Also produces sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid |
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Water is extracted from digest food in what |
Large intestine |
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3 parts of small intestine |
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum |
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Ball of food that moves through esophagus |
Bolus |
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Food once it is churned in the stomach |
Chyme |
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Bile salts emulsify _______ so the pancreatic enzyme, ________ can digest it |
Fat Lipase |
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2 features in stomach that keeps it from digesting itself |
Mucus lined and hydrochloric acid in an inactive form |
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What digestive enzyme is present in stomach and what prevents it from denaturing in strong stomach acid? What effect does it have in food? |
Pepsin is present in the stoamch, or pain needs to be in an acidic environ mrny to function, breaks down proteins into large peptides |
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Why doesn't stomach acid harm the small intestine when pyloric valve opens |
HCl is activated by or pain so it doesn't harm intestine |
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Does not absorb enough water |
Constipation |
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Absorbs too much water |
Diarrhea |
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Why is fiber important |
Attracts water, slows digestion, acts as a bulk, stabilizes blood sugar and cholesterol levels |
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Why do some people have diarrhea when they consume diary products |
Lactice intolerant. An enyme, lactase, in the small intestine which breaks down the sugar in diary products. Of body doesn't make enough lactase diarrhea may happen |
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Why is it possible to live without gallbladder but not a liver |
Gallbladder stored bile and pancreas also creates it as well. Liver takes up exceeds amino acids and concerts to useful products and no other organ does that |
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What effect would an antibiotic have on digestive system |
Would upset bacterial balance in body which can cause nauseabor diarrhea |
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Function of liver |
Take up excess amino acids and concerts them into useful products,producing waste such as nitrogen |
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Basic functional unit of the kidney |
Nephron |
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Majority to the filteration occurs where in the kidney |
Glomerulus |
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How is water lost |
Sweat |
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Purpose of loop of henle |
Water and salt reabsorption |
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Materials filters from blood in kidney |
Water, electrolytes, amino acids, glucose, urea |
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What does the body reabsorb |
Some water and salts |
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Formation of urine |
Materials are filtered from blood called filtrate Materals reabsorbed,left over makes up urine Entied into collecting dust Concentrated in loop of henle In loop of henle volume of urine is minimized Stores in bladder |
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Dialysis |
Machine that filtersbyour blood for you |
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Arteries |
Large vessels that carry blood from the heart to tissues of the body. Thick walls branch into arterioles |
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Veins |
Blood vessels that carry blood back to heart. Thin walls |
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Capillaries |
Smallest. Where exchanges happen |
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Why does large arteries have thick walls |
To help withstand pressure when heart contracts |
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Function of vein valves |
Keep blood moving |
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Heart valves function |
Prevents blood from flowing back |
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Systolic blood pressure |
First number,measured force in arteries when ventricles contract |
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Diastolic blood pressure |
Second number, measured force of blood lift in arteries when ventricles relax |
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How is blood pressure measured |
Sphygmomanmeter or blood pressure cuff |
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What conditions could cause an increase in blood pressure |
Obesity, smoking, high cholesterol |
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Why is an increase in blood pressure dangerous |
Higher risk of heart attack or stroke Blood vessels are under pressure |
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What does blood pressure depends on |
Force of contraction of the heart Degree in which arteries and arterioles constrict Circulating blood volume |
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Heart attack |
Coronary artery becomes blocked, part of heart muscle may begin to die from lack of oxygen. If heart muscle is damaged enough a heart attack occurs |
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Stroke |
Blood clot gets stuck in blood vessels leading to the brain |
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What is responsible for delay in contractions |
AV node |
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Why is the contraction delay important |
So the atria can fully contract so blood is able to empty and fill ventricle |
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Varicose veins and it's cause |
Walls of veins and valves weaken and blood pools. Causes: obesity, lack of exercise, sitting or standing for a long time |
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Universal donor |
O type blood |
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Universal recipients |
AB type |
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How many types of blood |
4 (then positive and negatives) |
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How many liters of blood in a human body |
4-6 L |
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Lymphatic system |
Collects fluid and returns it back to circulatory system |
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Lymph node |
Filters out and traps bacteria, virus, cancer cells |
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Why does the leftbventricle contain more muscle than the right |
Largest chamber Needs enough muscle to pump blood out |
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Air needs to be what |
Filtered Warned Moistens |
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Where is air filtered, warmed and moistened |
Mouth/ nose |
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Air is forced into lungs by the contraction of the |
Diaphram |
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The force that drives air into the lungs come from |
Air pressure |
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Hemoglobin |
Iron contain protein that helps with transportation |
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Largest pathway |
Systemic circulation |
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Disease |
any change other that an injury that disrupts the normal function of the body |
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Pathogen |
Disease causing agent |
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Vectors |
Animal that carries pathogen from person to person |
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Antibodies |
Proteins that recognise and bond to an antigen |
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Antibiotics |
Compound that kills bacteria without harming the cells of the human or animal hosts |
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Immune system |
Bodys main defense against pathogens. It recognizes, attacks , destroyed and remembers |
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Immunity |
Immune system fights infections by producing cells that inactive foreign substances |
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Antigen |
Substance that triggers immune response |
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Difference between specific and non-specific defense |
Specific immunity's response protects the body against specific pathogens. Whereas nonspecfic immunity response is the same for all |
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Examples of non-specific immunity and how they protect |
Skin- prevent entry Mucus- traps Hair-filters and traps Stomach acids- destroys pathogens |
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Why are some transplant organs rejected |
Body thinks it is foreign and attacks |
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How are diseases spread |
Person to person Contaminated food or water Airborne Infected animals Blood stream or tissues |
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Active immunity |
After exposure to an antigen, deliberate exposure |
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Passive immunity |
Antibodies from other animals and is temporary |
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Types of pathogens |
Virus Bacteria Protist Worms Fungi |
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2 word naming system for classification |
Binomial nomenclature |
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Taxonmic categories |
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Family Genus Species |
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Cladogram |
Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms |
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Dichoyomous key |
Tool used to identify organisms Characteristics given is pairs |
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3 Domains |
Bacteria Archer Eukarya |
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4 kingdoms |
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia |
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Binary fusion |
Doubles in size Replicated DNA and divides |
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Conjugation |
Exchange of genetic information |
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Spore formation |
Growth condition is unfavorable |
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Virus |
Particle made up of nucleic acid, protein in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells |
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Vaccine |
Weaked version of pathogen to help fight against it |
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3 ways to kill bacteria |
Body temperature Vaccine Antibiotics |
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Protist |
Any eukaryotes that is not a plant, animal or fungi |
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Difference between plantlike Protist and plant |
Protist doesn't have stem, roots or leaves |
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Plant like Protist importance in ocean habitats |
Grasses and forests of see base. Of food chain Habitats Oxygen Rich in vitamin c and iron |
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How are fungus and Protist similar to fungi similar and different |
Similar: hetertotrophs, absorb nutrients from dying or decaying organic matter Different: fungi-like Protist have centrioles, lack Clinton cell walls |
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Fungi |
Eukaryote hetertotrophs that have cell walls made up of chitin |
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How do fungi digest food |
From outside then absorb it |
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Fruiting body |
Reproductive structure |
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How thick is each hypha |
1 cell thick |
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Why is myceliun well suited for absorbing food |
Large surface area |
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Lichens |
Symbiotic associations between fungi and a photosynthetic organism |
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How to fungi maintain equilibrium in ecosystems |
Recycle nutrients by breaking down bodies and wastes |
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The first person to coin the word cell from observing cork |
Robert hooke |
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Above as the first scientist to conclusively refute the theory that living things arise from non living |
Louis Pasteur |
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Who was the first scientist to try to prove spontaneous generation wasn't a thing using meat |
Francesco Redi |
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Who was the one to try to prove spontaneous generation |
John Needham |
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Who supported Redi's finding |
Spallanzani |
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Who observed living blood cells, bacteria and single Cell organisms in a drop of water |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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Level of organization |
Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Group of cells Cells |
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Controlled experiments |
When 1 variable is changed and rest kept constant |
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Variables |
Conditions that are controlled it changed in an experiment |
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Responding variable |
Variable that is observed and changed in response to manipulated variable |
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Theory |
Well rested explanation that unified a broad range of observations |
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Compund light microscope |
Produce clear images at magnification of 1000x Allows light to pass through Able to study dead organisms and their parts Small organisms while alive Not clear image of objects smaller than 0.2 micrometer |
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TEM microscope |
Beam of electrons through Detail within a cell |
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SEM microscope |
Scan narrow beam of electrons back and forth across surface 3D image |
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2 things all cells have |
Membrane DNA |
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4 groups of organic compounds |
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acid Proteins |
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Categories of lipids |
Phospholipids Fats and oil Steroids Waxes |
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Subtrates |
Reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
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Catalyst |
Substance that speeds up ratevif chemical reaction |
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Cohesion |
Attractin between molecules of the same substance |
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Adhesion |
Attraction between molecules of different substance |
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Buffers |
Dissolved compounds that are weak acids/based that can react with strong acids or based to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH |
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Cell specialization |
Cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks |
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Why is water polar |
Uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms |
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Systemic circulation |
Delivers blood to body cells and carries away waste |
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Myocardium |
Middle layer of heart and mostly cardiac muscle. Contractions pump blood |
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Ways to avoid cardiovascular disease |
Exercise Balanced diet Not smoking |
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Atherosclerosis |
Plaque build up on inner walls of arteries |
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Fibrinogen |
Protein that clots blood |
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Nutrients the body needs |
Carbohydrates Fats Water Proteins Vitamins Minerals |
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What makes alveoli efficient |
Gives lungs surface area Moist, thin walls Capillaries wrap around Relies on diffusion |
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How is creating controlled |
Medulla oblongata which motiters CO2 Nerve impulses from medulla oblongata makes the diaphragm contract which brings air into lungs |
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Humoral immunity |
B cells attack antigens outside cell by producing antibodies |
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Cell mediated immunity |
Immune response against abnormal cells and pathogens that get inside living cells |
