Apus History Chap 13:rise Of A Mass Democracy

Front 1

After the Era of Good Feelings, politics was transformed.

Who was the great winner of this transformation?

A new style of campaigning involved...

Back 1

After the Era of Good Feelings, politics was transformed. The big
winner of this transformation was the common man. Specifically, the
common white man as universal white manhood suffrage (all white men
could vote) became the norm.

A new style of campaigning involved pandering to commoners with campaign speeches and signs.

Front 2

In the New Political age, the ___system died.

Back 2

The caucus, a select group that elected candidates, saw its demise; states held conventions to nominate candidates.

Front 3

Compare Jacksonian Democracy to Jeffersonian

-Suffrage
-Purpose of government
-New constituents

Back 3

Universal suffrage with no property requirements- there was infinite land for the taking. Eastern states reduced voter requirements.

Governmetn for the people rather than government done by the people- common men run for office.

New Western states

Front 4

Frederick Jackson Turner, writing in 1920, stated

Back 4

Perpetual existence of a frontier mad the US unique; how someone survived on the frontier determined rank, not wealth. Critics call this an oversimplification.

Front 5

In the election of 1824, there were four towering candidates:
1
2
3
4
All four were ___
Three were ___

except ___ because

Back 5

In the election of 1824, there were four towering candidates:
Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, Henry Clay of Kentucky, William H.
Crawford of Georgia, and John Q. Adams of Massachusetts.

All four called themselves Republicans.
Three were a “favorite son” of their respective region but Clay
thought of himself as a national figure (he was Speaker of the House
and author of the “American System”).

Front 6

In the results, Jackson got the most popular votes and the most
electoral votes, but he failed to ____

Back 6

In the results, Jackson got the most popular votes and the most
electoral votes, but he failed to get the majority in the Electoral
College.

Front 7

By the 12th Amendment, the top three electoral vote getters would
be voted upon in___

Back 7

By the 12th Amendment, the top three electoral vote getters would
be voted upon in the House of Reps. and the majority (over 50%) would
be elected president.

Front 8

THe "Corrupt Bargain"...

Back 8

Clay was eliminated, but he was the Speaker of the House, and since
Crawford had recently suffered a paralytic stroke and Clay hated
Jackson, he threw his support behind John Q. Adams, helping him become
president.

When Clay was appointed Secretary of the State, the traditional
stepping-stone to the presidency, Jacksonians cried foul play and
corruption. Jackson said he, the people’s choice, had been swindled out
of the presidency by career politicians in Washington D.C.
John Randolph publicly assailed the alliance between Adams and Clay.
Evidence against any possible deal has never been found in this “Corrupt Bargain,” but both men flawed their reputations.

Front 9

Did President John QUincy Adams endorse the spoils system?

Back 9

During his administration, he only removed 12 public servants from
the federal payroll, thus refusing to kick out efficient officeholders
in favor of his own, possibly less efficient, supporters.

Front 10

With land, Adams tried to ___ much to
Westerners’ anger even though he was doing it for their own good, and
with the Cherokee Indians, he tried to___

Back 10

With land, Adams tried to curb over-speculation of land, much to
Westerners’ anger even though he was doing it for their own good, and
with the Cherokee Indians, he tried to deal fairly with them although
the state of Georgia successfully resisted federal attempts to help the
Cherokees.

Front 11

Jackson's political views...

Back 11

He was anti-federalist, believing that the federal government was
for the privileged only, although he maintained the sacredness of the
Union and the federal power over the states. Still, he welcomed the
western democracy.

Front 12

Jackson was the first president___

Back 12

from teh West

Front 13

Under Jackson, this system was introduced on a large scale

Back 13

Spoils system- "Every man is as good as his neighbor, perhaps equally better"

Front 14

How did the Tariff of Abominations come into being?

Back 14

In 1816 the Protective Tariff to defend industry against Britain's cheap goods was 8%. In the Tariff of 1824 there was a very high tariff on manufactured goods. The Jacksonians wrote a bill hoping Adams would veto it and look bad; however, the bill passed and the Jacksonians were blamed.

Front 15

Calhoun's response to the T of A.

Back 15

Jackson's VP John C. Calhoun had believed in the American system but changed his party after the Tariff.

Front 16

Jackson did not support the tariff but was compelled to

Back 16

enforce it, being the president!

Front 17

South Carolina Exposition

Back 17

Written by John C. Calhoun and published secretly because it went against Jackson, it proposed states rights thorugh the theory of nullification, more bluntly and directly than the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions.

Front 18

THe election of 1828 was the start of___ and the first election with___

Back 18

"mudsdlinging"
Full Manhood Suffrage

Front 19

Jackson hated

Back 19

THe American System.

Front 20

"cleen sweeps"

Back 20

THe spoils system. van Buren and Jackson believed rotation of offices let more commen men into office.

Front 21

"Albany Regency"

Back 21

van Buren put aristocrats in office

Front 22

"Kitchen Cabinet"

Back 22

Jackson employed 13 advisors, many journalists, to understand the opinions of the common man.

Front 23

Indian Removal Act

Back 23

Jackson passed this to move the Cherokee Nation out of Georgia.

Front 24

In response to the anger at the “Tariff of Abominations,” Congress
passed ___

Back 24

In response to the anger at the “Tariff of Abominations,” Congress
passed the Tariff of 1832, which did away with the worst parts of the
Tariff of 1828, such as lowering the tariff down to 35%, a reduction of
10%, but many southerners still hated it.

Front 25

In the 1832 state elections, South Carolina proclaimed

Back 25

In the elections of 1832, the Nullies came out with a two-thirds
majority over the Unionists, met in the state legislature, and declared
the Tariff of 1832 to be void within S.C. boundaries.

They also threatened with secession against the Union, causing a huge problem.
President Jackson issued a ringing proclamation against S.C., to
which governor Hayne issued a counter-proclamation, and civil war
loomed dangerously.

Front 26

To prevent violent fighting between Jackson and the Nullies, who came up with a compromise? What was it?

Back 26

To compromise and prevent Jackson from crushing S.C. and becoming
more popular, the president’s rival, Henry Clay, proposed a compromise
bill that would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a
period of eight years, so that by 1842 the rates would be down to 20%
to 25%.

Front 27

To save face after the Compromise Tariff squeaked by, Congress

Back 27

To save face, Congress passed the Force Bill (AKA the
“Bloody Bill”) that authorized the president to use the army and navy,
if necessary, to collect tariffs.
No other states had supported South Carolina’s stance of possible secession, though Georgia and Virginia toyed with the idea.
Finally, S.C. repealed the nullification ordinance.

Front 28

What preceded the Indian Removal Act? What followed?

Back 28

In 1828, Congress declared the Cherokee tribal council
illegal, and asserted its own jurisdiction over Indian lands and
affairs, and even though the Cherokees appealed to and won in the
Supreme Court, Jackson refused to recognize the decision.
Jackson, though, still harbored some sentiment of Indians, and
proposed that they be bodily transferred west of the Mississippi, where
they could preserve the culture, and in 1830, Congress passed the
Indian Removal Act, in which Indians were moved to Oklahoma.

Thousands of Indians died on the “Trail of Tears” after being
uprooted from their sacred lands that had been theirs for centuries.
Also, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was established in 1836 to deal with Indians.

Front 29

How did Jackson feel about BUS?

The BUS minted coin money (“hard money”), but not paper money.
Farmers out west wanted ___Jackson and westerners saw the BUS and eastern banks as being in a
conspiracy to ___

Back 29

Andrew Jackson, like most westerners, distrusted big banks, especially the BUS—Bank of the United States.
To Jackson and westerners, the BUS was simply a tool of the rich to get richer.
The BUS minted coin money (“hard money”), but not paper money.
Farmers out west wanted paper money which caused inflation, and enabled
them to more easily pay off their debts.
Jackson and westerners saw the BUS and eastern banks as being in a
conspiracy to keep the common man down economically. This conspiracy
was carried out through hard money and debt.

Front 30

From 1835 to 1842, the Seminoles waged guerrilla warfare against
the U.S., but were broken after ___

Back 30

From 1835 to 1842, the Seminoles waged guerrilla warfare against
the U.S., but were broken after their leader, Osceola, was seized; some
fled deeper into the Everglades of Florida; others moved to Oklahoma.

Front 31

What was Clay's strategy to defeat Jackson in the 1832 election?

Back 31

In 1832, Henry Clay, in a strategy to bring Jackson’s popularity
down so that he could defeat him for presidency, rammed a bill for the
re-chartering of the BUS—four years early.
He felt that if Jackson signed it, he’d alienate his followers in
the West and South, and if he vetoed it, he’d lose the supports of the
“best people” of the East.
He failed to realize that the West held more power now, not the East.

Front 32

THe Bank war

Back 32

Clay's early recharter bill fo rthe Bank was vetoed publicly by Jackson who declared it unconstitutional.

The veto amplified the power of the president by ignoring the Supreme Court and aligned the West against the East.

Front 33

When Jackson ran against Clay in 1832, this 3rd-party emerged for the first time

Back 33

Anti-Masonic Party, appealing to suspicions of secret societies and also an anti-Jackson party.

Front 34

In 1832,for the first time, ____ nominated candidates.

Back 34

Also for the first time, national conventions were held to nominate candidates.

Front 35

How did Jackson win?

Back 35

Clay had the money and the “support” of the press, but the poor
people voted too, and Jackson won handily, handing Clay his third loss
in three tries.

Jackson's accusations against BUS made perfect sense to the common people and they ended up voting for him.

Front 36

How did Jackson kill BUS? What did this lead to?

Back 36

Hoping to kill the BUS, Jackson now began to withdraw federal funds
from the bank, so as to drain it of its wealth; in reaction, Biddle
began to call for unnecessary loans, personally causing a mini panic.
Jackson won, and in 1836, the BUS breathed its last breath, but
because it had been the only source of sure credit in the United
States, hard times fell upon the West once the BUS died, since the
wildcat banks were very unreliable.

Front 37

"pet banks"

Back 37

The banks Jackson put federal funds into after removal from BUS. Along with "wildcat bbanks" flooded the country with paper money.

Front 38

Specie circular

Back 38

jackson authorized this to rein in the runaway economy after the death of BUS. IT required that all public lands be purchased with hard money, choking the speculative boom.

Front 39

What modern political system emerged under Jackson?
Opponents of Jackson despised ___and called him
“___This wide group coalesced into the ___party, united
only by ___

Back 39

Under Jackson, the modern two-party system of politics came to be.
Opponents of Jackson despised his iron-fisted nature and called him
“King Andrew.” This wide group coalesced into the Whig party, united
only by dislike of Jackson.

Front 40

What was the Whig scheme in the 1836 election? Did it work?

Back 40

The Whigs suffered from disorganization. They tried to offer a
favorite son candidate from each section of the country—their hopes
were that no one would win a majority of electoral votes, the election
would thus be thrown to the House of Representatives, and they could
win there. Their scheme failed, and van Buren won.

Front 41

Martin van Buren, 8th president and Jackson's chosen successor, was the first to be born____

Back 41

under the American Flag- post Revolution

Front 42

THe "Little Magician" had several handicaps to deal with.

Back 42

Accused by Democrats of having won presidency because of Jackson's favor.

Inherited Jackson's many enemies but did not have Jackson's toughness.

Rebellion in Canada in 1837 threatened to sitr up war with Britain

Inherited the panic caused by Jackson's killing of BUS.

Front 43

The Panic of 1837 was caused by the

-Poor loans from ___
-And these two works of Jackson:
-Along with mistakes by these people:

Back 43

The Panic of 1837 was caused by the “wildcat banks” loans, the
over-speculation, the “Bank War,” and the Specie Circular stating that
debts must be paid in specie (gold or silver), which no one had.

Front 44

What caused British invesotrs to call in foreign loans, endangering the American economy in 1836?

Back 44

Failures of wheat crops caused by the Hessian fly also worsened the
situation, and the failure of two large British Banks in 1836 had
already started the panic going.

Front 45

Hundreds of banks fell, including ___

Back 45

Hundreds of banks fell, including some of Jackson’s “pet banks,”
banks that had received the money that Jackson had withdrawn from the
BUS to kill it.

Front 46

How did Whigs propose remedying the conflict?

Back 46

The Whigs proposed expansion of bank credit, higher tariffs, and
subsidies for internal improvements, but Van Buren spurned such ideas, being a a supporter of the Jackson philosophy of laissez-faire

Front 47

"Divorce Bill"

Back 47

Instead of taking Whig ideas, van Buren proposed the “Divorce Bill”=Independant Treasury Bill (separating the bank from
the government and storing money in some of the vaults of the larger
American cities, thus keeping the money safe but also unavailable) that
advocated the independent treasury, and in 1840, it was passed.

The next year, the victorious Whigs repealed it, but in 1846, it
was brought back; it finally merged with the Federal Reserve System in
the next century.

Front 48

This bill passed in 1840, was repealed the next year by Whigs, and then brought back by the Democrats in 1846 and in the next century merged with the modern Federal Reserve System.

Back 48

Independant Treasury Bill.

Front 49

Webster-Hayne debate, 1829 was over the issue of...

Back 49

A bill to curb the sale of public cland. The South and West wanted cheap land for plantations but the North was afraid of losing workers to the West where cheap land was available. Webster wasthe first to argue that the Union, not states, were Supreme. Hayne advocated nullification. Who would Jackson side with? He made it clear in his Jefferson Day toast in 1830.

Front 50

Jefferson Day Toast-
1830

Back 50

Calhoun was just about to make a toast for states rights.

Jackson: To our Union, it must be preserved (beat ya, John)
Calhou: TO our Unionm, next to our liberty most dear.

Served!

Front 51

Eaton Affair, 1832

Back 51

Peggy Eaton was married to the Secretary of War and rand a boarding houce inherited from her previous (deceased) husband. Mrs. Calhoun was first lady because Rachel Jackson was deceased, and would not invite Peggy Eaton to events. An irate Jackson ordered her to inviete Eaton; and when she refusedtried to order Calhoun to tell his wife to invite Eaton. Straw that broke the camel's back. Calhoun resigned.

Front 52

Strenghts of BUS

Back 52

Organized; regulated private banks and reduced Bank Failures. Issued sound bank notes and credit with readily available currency.

Front 53

"Pet Panks" were overseen by

Back 53

Sec. of Treasury Roger B. Taney.

Front 54

Stephen Austin

Back 54

Americans continued to covet Texas. In 1823, after Mexico had
gained independence from Spain, Stephen Austin had made an agreement
with the Mexican government to bring about 300 American families into a huge
tract of granted land to settle. The MExican government hoped the immigrants would become Mexicanized but the pioneers resented their "foreign" government.

Front 55

The stipulations for the American settlers in Texas were:

Back 55

The stipulations were: (1) they must become Mexican citizens, (2)
they must become Catholic, and (3) no slavery allowed. These
stipulations were largely ignored by the new settlers.In 1835 dictator Santa Anna wiped out all local rights and started an army to suppress the Texans.The next year, they declared their independence.

Front 56

After armed conflict and slaughters at ___and at ___,
Texan war cries rallied citizens, volunteers, and soldiers, who had war cries like "" ""

Back 56

After armed conflict and slaughters at the Alamo and at Goliad,
Texan war cries rallied citizens, volunteers, and soldiers, and the
turning point came after Sam Houston led his army for 37 days eastward,
then turned on the Mexicans, taking advantage of their siesta hour,
wiping them out, and capturing Santa Anna.

Slain heros liek Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett became legends and Texans shouted "Remember the Alamo" and "remember Goliad"

Front 57

____ rushed to the aid of the Texans

Back 57

American relatives, friends and compatriots.

Front 58

The turning point of the Texan Revolution:

Back 58

Sam Houston led his army for 37 days eastward,
then turned on the Mexicans, taking advantage of their siesta hour,
wiping them out, and capturing Santa Anna.

Front 59

Santa Anna signed a treaty confronted with Bowie knives on teh battlefield and agreed (1) and (2).

Later, he claimed that...

Back 59

Santa Anna, captured, signed a treaty agreeing to withdraw Mexican troops and recovnize the Rio Grande as the Extreme southwestern boundary of Texas. This treaty was later negated by him on grounds that the treaty was extorted under duress.

Front 60

When did America recognize Texas as an independant nation?

Back 60

Texas was supported in their war by the United States, but Jackson
was hesitant to formally recognize Texas as an independent nation until
he had secured Martin Van Buren as his successor because America was supposedly neutral. But after he
succeeded, Jackson did indeed recognize Texas on his last day before he
left office, in 1837.

Many Texans, though, wanted more than recognition of independance; they wanted union with the US.

Front 61

Why did the United States first refuse to annex Texas?

Back 61

Many Texans wanted to become part of the Union, Antislavery crusaders vehemently protested, contending the whole idea was the South's scheme to bring more slave states into the Union.

Front 62

Who was the first Whig candidate and why was ne nominated? Were the Whigs united in nominating him?

Back 62

In 1840, William Harrison was nominated due to his being issueless and enemyless, with John Tyler as his running mate.
Learning from their mistake in 1836 the Whigs united behind one candidate.

He had only been popular from Tippecanoe (1811) and the Battle of the Thames (1813).

Front 63

A stupid Democratic editor also helped Harrison’s cause when he _____

Back 63

A stupid Democratic editor also helped Harrison’s cause when he
called the candidate a poor old farmer with hard cider and
inadvertently made him look like many poor Westerners. Whigs adopted hard cider and log cabins as symbols to portray Harrison as a poor backcountry farmer who had come to drive out corruption and aristocracy.

Front 64

vWith slogans of “__,” the Whigs advocated
this “poor man’s president” idea and replied, to such questions of the
bank, internal improvements, and the tariff, with answers of “___,”,” and “Harrison is a ___.”

Back 64

With slogans of “Tippecanoe and Tyler too,” the Whigs advocated
this “poor man’s president” idea and replied, to such questions of the
bank, internal improvements, and the tariff, with answers of “log
cabin,” “hard cider,” and “Harrison is a poor man.”

Front 65

The popular election after van Buren's first term was close, but ___ blew ___away in the Electoral College.
Basically, the election was a protest against___

Back 65

The popular election was close, but Harrison blew Van Buren away in the Electoral College.
Basically, the election was a protest against the hard times of the era.

Front 66

This time was called the ___, and was based on ___
In 1791, Vermont became the first state admitted to the union to allow all white males to vote in the elections.

Back 66

This time was called the New Democracy, and was based on universal white manhood suffrage.
In 1791, Vermont became the first state admitted to the union to allow all white males to vote in the elections.

Front 67

The Democrats had so successfully absorbed the Federalist ideas
before, that ____

Back 67

The Democrats had so successfully absorbed the Federalist ideas
before, that a true two party system had never emerged—until now. Jackson and van Buren had been tenacious in their policy and made enemies.

Front 68

The democrats

Glorified the ___
Government involvement with economic and social affairs- y/n
What kinds of people (class-wise)?
Generally from ___

Back 68

Glorified the liberty of the individual.
Clung to states’ rights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs.
Mostly more humble, poorer folk.
Generally from the South and West

Front 69

Glorfied___
Berated leaders whose appeals and self-interest ___
What economic system did they envision?
Mostly from what class?
Generally from ___

Back 69

Trumpeted the natural harmony of society and the value of community.
Berated leaders whose appeals and self-interest fostered conflict among individuals.
Favored a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms.
Mostly more aristocratic and wealthier.
Generally from the East.

Front 70

What did the Whigs and Democrats have in common?

Back 70

Based on the people, with “catchall” phrases for popularity.
Both also commanded loyalties from all kinds of people.