Apus History Chap 12: The Second War For Independence And The Upsurge Of Nationalism

Front 1

War of 1812 ranks as one of America’s ___

Back 1

Due to widespread disunity, the War of 1812 ranks as one of America’s worst fought wars.

Front 2

There was not a___

the regular army was very ___and had
___ and the offensive strategy against ___ was
especially poorly conceived.

Back 2

There was not a burning national anger, like there was after the
Chesapeake outrage; the regular army was very bad and scattered and had
old, senile generals, and the offensive strategy against Canada was
especially poorly conceived.

Front 3

Had the Americans captured ___ everything west would have
wilted like a tree after its trunk has been severed, but the Americans
instead___

Back 3

Had the Americans captured Montreal, everything west would have
wilted like a tree after its trunk has been severed, but the Americans
instead focused a three-pronged attack that set out from Detroit,
Niagara, and Lake Champlain, all of which were beaten back.

Front 4

In contrast to the Americans, the British and Canadians displayed enthusiasm early
on in the 1812 war and captured ____

Back 4

In contrast, the British and Canadians displayed enthusiasm early
on in the war and captured the American fort of Michilimackinac, which
commanded the upper Great Lakes area (the battle was led by British
General Isaac Brock).

Front 5

Morale Booster in 1813

Ship to ship, the US navy was ___ compared to the British navy

Who led the American fleet on Lake Erie? WHere did the battle end?

Back 5

The US navy was better ship to ship because of better skill, non-impressed sailors, and formidable battleships

Oliver Hazard Perry caputred the British fleet on Lake Erie. Retreating British were ebaten in the Battle of Thames by General Harrison.

Front 6

In 1814, Napoleon was defeated and exiled. Thus

Back 6

British, no longer distracted, poured in and prepared for a blow to NY, bringing supplies of ther Lake Champlain waterway.

Front 7

Thomas Macdonough

Back 7

After the British landed in 1814 a weaker American fleet led by Macdonough challenged the British on the water and won. He saved upper NY from conquest, made NE less unbappy and affected Anglo-American treaty-making.

Front 8

The Bladensburg Races

Back 8

In August 1814, a second wave of British troops landed in the Chesapeake Bay area,
dispersed 6,000 panicked Americans at Bladensburg, and proceeded to
enter Washington D.C. and burn most of the buildings there.

Front 9

The Battle at Baltimore

Back 9

While Washington burned, at Baltimore, another British fleet arrived but was beaten back by
the privateer defenders of Fort McHenry, where Francis Scott Key wrote
“The Star Spangled Banner.”

Front 10

At New Orleans

Who led the Americans?

Back 10

Another British army menaced the entire Mississippi Valley and
threatened New Orleans, and Andrew Jackson, fresh off his slaughter of
the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, led a hodgepodge
force of 7,000 sailors, regulars, pirates, and Frenchmen, entrenching
them and helping them defeat 8,000 overconfident British that had
launched a frontal attack in the Battle of New Orleans.

Front 11

Why did negotiations begin to end the war of 1812?

Back 11

Tsar Alex I of Russia wanted ally bRitain to stop wasting strength in America and use it to stop Napoleon. He proposed peace and the treaty was negotiated in Ghent, Belgium. THe British were confident after military success and demanded the Indian buffers tate near the Great Lakes and part of Maine. After defeat in NY in Baltimore teh British were willing to compromise.

Front 12

The Treaty of GHent

WHat was left unmentioned?

Back 12

no mention of Indian threat, search and seizure, Orders in COuncil, impressment, confiscation

Proved Americans had not managed to defeat British

A mere armistice.

Front 13

The Hartford COnvention:

When did it convene?
Who met?
What did they want?

Back 13

As the capture of New Orleans seemed imminent, Massachusetts,
Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Rhode Island secretly met in
Hartford from December 15, 1814 to January 5, 1815, to discuss their
grievances and to seek redress for their wrongs.

While a few talked about secession or a separate peace treaty with Britain, most wanted financial
assistance form Washington to compensate for lost trade, and an
amendment requiring a 2/3 majority for all declarations of embargos,
except during invasion.

Front 14

What proved the death of the Federalist party?

Back 14

The Hartford Convention proved to be the death of the Federalist
Party, as their last presidential nomination was trounced by James
Monroe in 1816.

Front 15

"Blue-Light" federalists

Back 15

Until 1815, NE rebellious; floluted the embargo and crippled the war effort

Front 16

As a postitive result of the 1812 war, ___ was weakened.

Back 16

Secinalism. War proved sectional disunity disastrous; New England federalists were shamed.

Front 17

Many Canadians felt betrayed by the ____ since ___

Back 17

Many Canadians felt betrayed by the Treaty of Ghent, since not even
an Indian buffer state had been achieved, and the Indians, left by the
British, were forced to make treaties where they could.

Front 18

Incidents like the burning of Washington ___ and led to ____though few would have guessed that the War of 1812 would be the
last war America fought ___

Back 18

Incidents like the burning of Washington added fuel to the bitter
conflict with Britain, and led to hatred of the nation years after the
war, though few would have guessed that the War of 1812 would be the
last war America fought against Britain.

Front 19

Rush-Bagot Treaty

Back 19

In 1817, though, after a heated naval arms race in the Great Lakes,
the Rush-Bagot Treaty between the U.S. and Britain provided the
world’s longest unfortified boundary (5,527 mi.).

Front 20

The Federalist Party died out forever, ___emerged.

Back 20

The Federalist Party died out forever, and new war heroes, like Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison, emerged.

Front 21

Yet, the Americans proved in the 1812 war that____

___gained more respect.

Back 21

Yet, the Americans proved that they could stand up for what they
felt was right, and naval officers like Perry and MacDonough gained new
respect; American diplomats were treated with more respect than before

Front 22

James Fenimore Cooper

Washington Irving

Back 22

James Fenimore Cooper (The
Leatherstocking Tales which included The Last of the Mohicans)

Washington Irving (Rumpelstiltskin, The Knickerbocker Tales such
as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow)

First writers of importance to use American scenes and themes.

Front 23

Washington Irving

Back 23

Washington Irving (Rumpelstiltskin, The Knickerbocker Tales such
as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow)

Front 24

North American Review

Back 24

The North American Review debuted in 1815, and American painters
painted landscapes of America on their canvases, while history books
were now being written by Americans for Americans.

Front 25

After the war, British competitors ___, so America responded with the ___the
first in U.S. history for ____
It was not high enough, but it was a great start, and in 1824, ____ established a program called the American System.

What were the three parts of the American system?

Back 25

After the war, British competitors dumped their goods onto America
at cheap prices, so America responded with the Tariff of 1816, the
first in U.S. history designed for protection, which put a 20-25%
tariff on dutiable imports.
It was not high enough, but it was a great start, and in 1824, Henry Clay established a program called the American System.
The system began with a strong banking system.
It advocated a protective tariff behind which eastern manufacturing would flourish.
It also included a network of roads and canals, especially in the
burgeoning Ohio Valley, to be funded for by the tariffs, and through
which would flow foodstuffs and raw materials from the South and West
to the North and East.
Lack of effective transportation had been one of the problems of
the War of 1812, especially in the West, and in 1817, Congress sought
to distribute $1.5 million to the states for internal improvements, but
Madison vetoed it, saying it was unconstitutional, thus making the
states look for their own money to build the badly needed roads.

Front 26

____prospered behind British blockade.

Back 26

Manufacturing.

Front 27

Republican James Monroe defeated his Federalist opponent 183 to 34, and ushered in a short period of___
He straddled the generations of the___and ___
Early in 1817, Monroe took a goodwill tour venturing deep into New England, where he received ___
A Boston newspaper even went as far as to declare that an _____ had began.

Back 27

James Monroe defeated his Federalist opponent 183 to 34, and ushered in a short period of one-party rule.
He straddled the generations of the Founding Fathers and the new Age of Nationalism.
Early in 1817, Monroe took a goodwill tour venturing deep into New England, where he received heartwarming welcomes.
A Boston newspaper even went as far as to declare that an “Era of Good Feelings” had began.

Front 28

"Good Feelings" was something of a misnomer.

The South disliked___as well as the AMerican SYstem because___

Back 28

However, seeds of sectional troubles were planted. Notably, the
South did not like the tariff saying it only benefited the North and
made the South pay higher prices. And, the South disliked the internal
improvements linking the North and West—the South didn’t
see any benefits in paying taxes for roads and canals in other states.

Front 29

James Monroe

THe 1819 Panic occured during the presidency of___.
IT was caused by___
And started a cycle of___

Back 29

A major cause of the panic had been over-speculation in land prices, where the Bank of the United States fell heavily into debt.
Oddly, this started an almost predictable chain of panics or
recessions. An economic panic occurred every 20 years during the 1800s
(panics occurred during 1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1893).

Front 30

____ was especially hard hit by the Panic, and ___was soon viewed upon as the cause.

Back 30

The West was especially hard hit, and the Bank of the U.S. was soon viewed upon as the cause.

Front 31

This explosive expansion of the west was due in part to the ___, the elimination of ___, the “___" and the need for land by ___

Back 31

This explosive expansion of the west was due in part to the cheap
land, the elimination of the Indian menace, the “Ohio
Fever,” and the need for land by the tobacco farmers, who
exhausted their lands.

Front 32

Cumberland Road

Back 32

The Cumberland Road, begun in 1811 and ran ultimately from western
Maryland to Illinois. And, the first steamboat on western waters
appeared in 1811.

Front 33

THe Land Act of 1820

Back 33

The West, still not populous and politically weak, was forced to ally itself with other sections, and demanded cheap acreage.
The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer
to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the
West demanded and slowly got cheap transportation as well.

Front 34

Sectional tensions between the North and the South came to a boil when___

Back 34

Sectional tensions between the North and the South came to a boil when Missouri wanted to become a slave state.

Front 35

Tallmadge Amendment

Back 35

Although it met all the requirements of becoming a state, the House
of Representatives stymied the plans for its statehood when it proposed
the Tallmadge Amendment, which provided that no more slaves be brought
into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of
children born to slave parents already in Missouri (this was shot down
in the Senate).

Front 36

Missouri was the first state

Back 36

to be carved out of the Louisiana PUrchase.

Front 37

Why was the SOuth incensed at the north in the Missouri issue?

Back 37

Angry Southerners saw this as a threat figuring that if the
Northerners could wipe out slavery in Missouri, they might try to do so
in all of the rest of the slave states.
Plus, the North was starting to get more prosperous and populous than the South.

Front 38

THe Missouri Compromise was negotiated by?

What did it provide for?

Back 38

Henry Clay
Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while Maine would be
admitted as a free state, thus maintaining the balance (it went from 11
free states and 11 slave states to 12 and 12).
All new states north of the 36°30’ line would be free, new states southward would be slave.

Front 39

Did Monroe win reelection?

Back 39

Monroe should have been doomed after the 1819 panic and the
Missouri problem, but he was so popular, and the Federalist Party so
weak, that he won in 1820 by all but one vote (unanimity was reserved
for Washington).

Front 40

Chief Justice John Marshall helped to bolster the power of the government at the expense of ___

Back 40

Chief Justice John Marshall helped to bolster the power of the government at the expense of the states.

Front 41

Mc Culloch v. Maryland

Back 41

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819): This case involved Maryland’s
trying to destroy the Bank of the U.S. by taxing its currency notes.
Marshall invoked the Hamiltonian principle of implied powers and denied
Maryland’s right to tax the bank, and also gave the doctrine of
“loose construction,” using the elastic clause of the
Constitution as its basis. He implied that the Constitution was to last
for many ages, and thereby was constructed loosely, flexibly, to be
bent as times changed.

Front 42

Cohens v. Virginia

Back 42

Cohens vs. Virginia (1821): The Cohens had been found guilty by
Virginia courts of illegally selling lottery tickets, had appealed to
the Supreme Court, and had lost, but Marshall asserted the right of the
Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in
all questions involving powers of the federal government. The federal
government won, the states lost.

Front 43

Gibbons v. Ogden

Back 43

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)- "the steamboat case": When New York tried to grant a monopoly
of waterborne commerce, Marshall struck it down by saying that only
Congress can control interstate commerce, not the states themselves; it
was another blow to states’ rights.

Front 44

Fletcher v. Peck

Back 44

Fletcher vs. Peck (1810): After Georgia fraudulently granted 35
million acres in the Yazoo River country (Mississippi) to privateers,
the legislature repealed it after public outcry, but Marshall ruled
that it was a contract, and that states couldn’t impair a
contract. It was one of the earliest assertions of the right of the Supreme court to invalidate state laws conflicting with the federal Constitution.

Front 45

Dartmouth Colleve v. Woodward

Back 45

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819): Dartmouth had been granted a
charter by King George III, but New Hampshire had tried to change it.
Dartmouth appealed, using alumni Daniel Webster to work as lawyer, and
Marshall ruled that the original charter must stand. It was a contract,
and the Constitution protected those and overruled state rulings. Problems would arise in the future when chartered corporations could avoid much-needed public control.

Front 46

Marshall’s rulings gave the Supreme Court___

Back 46

Marshall’s rulings gave the Supreme Court its powers and
greatly strengthened the federal government, giving it power to
overrule state governments sometimes.

Front 47

Treaty of 1818

Back 47

After other European powers dropped claims to Oregon Country,The Treaty of 1818 was the first of several in the Britain/US dispute over Oregon COuntry. It put the northern boundary of the Louisiana
Purchase at the 49th parallel and provided for a ten-year joint
occupation of the Oregon Territory with Britain, without a surrender of
rights and claims by neither Britain nor America.

Front 48

What did Jackson do in Florida and what Treaty did it lead to?

Back 48

When revolutions broke out in South and Central America, Spanish
troops in Florida were withdrawn to put down the rebellions, and Indian
attacks ravaged American land while the Indians would then retreat back
to Spanish territory.
Andrew Jackson swept across the Florida border, hanged two Indian
chiefs without ceremony, executed two British subjects for assisting
Indians, and seized St. Marks and Pensacola. Monroe's cabinet was for punishing Jackson except John Quincy Adams.Taking advantage of Jackson's aggressive ventures, he dmanded uge concessions from Spain in teh Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

Front 49

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

Back 49

The Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 had Spain cede Florida and
shadowy claims to Oregon in exchange for Texas. The U.S. paid $5
million to Spain for Florida.

Front 50

Monarchs in Europe now were determined to?

Also, ___’s claims to North American territory were
intruding and making Americans nervous that ____

British foreign secretary, George
Canning, approached the American minister in London proposing _____

Back 50

Monarchs in Europe now were determined to protect the world against
democracy, and crushed democratic rebellions in Italy (1821) and in
Spain (1823), much to the alarm of Americans.
Also, Russia’s claims to North American territory were
intruding and making Americans nervous that Russia might claim
territory that was “rightfully American.”
Then, in August 1823, the British foreign secretary, George
Canning, approached the American minister in London proposing that the
U.S. and Britain combine in a joint declaration renouncing any interest
in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the
European despots to keep their hands off of Latin American politics.

Front 51

Sly and careful _____sensed a joker in Britain's proposal of renouncing any interest
in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the
European despots to keep their hands off of Latin American politics,
correctly assumed that _____

Back 51

Sly and careful Secretary of State Adams sensed a joker in Britain's proposal of renouncing any interest
in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the
European despots to keep their hands off of Latin American politics. He
correctly assumed that the European powers weren’t going to
invade America anytime soon, and knew that a self-denouncing alliance
with Britain would morally tie the hands of the U.S.

Front 52

Adams knew in the 1820s that the British boats would need to protect South America
to protect their merchant trade, and presumed it safe to ____

Back 52

He knew that the British boats would need to protect South America
to protect their merchant trade, and presumed it safe to blow a
defiant, nationalistic blast at all Europe. (The Monroe Doctrine)

Front 53

THe Monroe Dorcrine

Back 53

Late in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was born, incorporating non-colonization and nonintervention.
Dedicated primarily to Russia in the West, Monroe said that no
colonization in the Americas could happen anymore and also, European
nations could not intervene in Latin American affairs.
In return, the U.S. would not interfere in the Greek democratic revolt against Turkey.

Front 54

The monarchs of Europe were angered, but couldn’t do anything
about it, since___

Back 54

The monarchs of Europe were angered, but couldn’t do anything
about it, since the British navy would be there to stop them, further
frustrating them.

Front 55

Monroe’s declaration made little splash in Latin America,
since those who knew of the message also recognized ____ and that the
U.S. was doing this only to ____

Back 55

Monroe’s declaration made little splash in Latin America,
since those who knew of the message also recognized that it was the
British navy and not America that was protecting them, and that the
U.S. was doing this only to protect its own hide.