Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the things to remember when applying Natural Law to GE/GM
|
-Deontological and teleological
-Similar to Roman Catholic View -5 primary precepts: 'continuation of species through reproduction'-this can be argued for and against Genetic Engineering - Blastocyst used as source for embryonic stem cells: primary precept 'preserve life' -secondary precept: 'do not murder' |
|
|
Is natural Law useful in decision making?
|
No, as same primary precept can be argued both ways.
Yes, if you are religious can be useful to 'glorify God' by following precepts literally. |
|
|
Does Natural Law allow or prohibit GM?
|
-Prohibits: precept states to carry out the continuation of species through 'reproduction'
-Allow: to ensure continuation of species for parents who cannot have children. -Roman catholic allow genetic enhancement -Blastocyst: adhering to primary precepts of 'preserving life' -can naturally stop developing, so does not have potential to become human life. Roman Catholic disagree. |
|
|
what are the strengths of applying Natural Law to GM?
|
-clear decisions
-maintains dignity 'God creates life' -Effectively efficient -Based upon reason -Promotes natural procreation |
|
|
what are the weaknesses of applying Natural Law to GM?
|
-only if you are religious
-prevents research and cloning embryos which may save other lives -putting obedience to God before treating illnesses so can be seen as uncompassionate |
|
|
what are the things to remember when applying Utilitarianism to GE/GM?
|
-'is it right to experiment on human genetic material?'
-focuses on consequences: Teleological -would GM bring about more pleasure and less pain? scientists would argue yes. -RULE: laws around GM-useful for limits -ACT:concentrate on the maximum pleasure for greatest number |
|
|
Is Utilitarianism useful for decision making?
|
-Yes, as it considers everyone involved
-clear -looks at consequences and greatest pleasure |
|
|
Would Utilitarianism allow or prohibit GM?
|
Allow: scientists would argue that the consequence of GM reduces pain and increases pleasure
-illnesses are prevented -parents can protect their children from inherited disease eg. cystic fibrosis. Prohibit: consequences undesirable. GM person may feels individuality is modified. |
|
|
what are the strengths of applying Utilitarianism to GM?
|
-focuses on greatest pleasure
-benefits majority 'greatest good for greatest number' -RULE: has limits surrounding GM so can guidelines -clear -compassionate as situation dictates action |
|
|
what are the weaknesses of applying Utilitarianism to GM?
|
-society could be divided and undermined as people pay to have their children GM
-certain characteristics 'cleansed' from embryo: slippery slope to eugenics -uncompassionate for individuals -complicated to apply hedonistic calculus |
|
|
what are things to remember when applying Kantian ethics to GM/GE?
|
-Humans are an end in themselves and not a means to end
-devise universal maxim answering the question 'should we use technology to prevent suffering and enhance attributes of a person?' -act on the assumption and we all act the same way -preserve life |
|
|
Is Kantian ethics useful for making decisions about GM?
|
-clear and simple
-absolutist so follows set rules But interpretation on a means to an end would only work f embryos was classed as a 'person' -not flexible |
|
|
Does Kantian ethics allow or prohibit GM?
|
-prohibit: -as by enhancing attributes for society benefit is treating them as a means to end- saviour siblings
-applying universal law would mean everyone GM's their children- eventually human race would cease to exist -embryo has intrinsic value- end in itself -allow: when applying universal law, only applies to embryos who were artificially produced and intended for GM to improve health. -allow GM if embryo is thought not to have intrinsic value. -Duty to save life |
|
|
what are the strengths of applying Kantian Ethics to GM?
|
-protects the innocent -sees embryo potential human life -no chance of the embryo being abused eg.clone -people treated as individuals and have value -trys to be equal for everyone -preserve life -deontological-intention |
|
|
what are the weaknesses of applying Kantian Ethics to GM?
|
-hard to apply categorical imperitive
-hard to universalise the maxims |
|
|
what are the things to remember what applying religious ethics to GM?
|
-Roman catholic view: GM leads to new from of eugenics: - karl popper: eradicate members in society who are considered 'undesirable' -sanctity of life-life begins at conception -God has known and given purpose and talents and abilities according to his will -agape -Don't know long term effects of GM and genome&DNA |
|
|
Is religious ethics useful when making decisions about GM?
|
-no attitudes vary
-flexible -no, agape contradicts this -show unconditional love by using embryo stem cells to improve health |
|
|
How does religious ethics prohibit GM?
|
-object to only research which would result in death of an embryo.
-NL scholars say no right to interferer with God. Is playing God and consequences are unknown. -life is sacred and god is the only one who should be in control -The Roman Catholic pope prohibits GM and said it leads to a new form of eugenics -Karl Hooper said it can be seen to 'eradicate those members of society who were considered 'undesirable'' |
|
|
How does religious ethics allow GM?
|
- some Christians, God is loving and doesn't want humans to suffer. God has made humans stewards of earth- a steward to improve what he or she is in charge of. -Double effect: morally good act to preserve life has secondary effect~death of an embryo. -Christian may say God loves his children and so gave this antidote for suffering as his parental love and creation of 'saviour-siblings' |
|
|
What do other scholars say to allow GM when applying religious ethics?
|
-John Hicks says: immanence of God in creation, medical treatment is part of his immanence -Pierre Teihard de Chardin: GE part of evolution and 'will not end until humans achieve their final telos, in being with God' -G.W Harris expresses in a non-religious way it is virtuous to want the best for your child- normative thoughts of parental love. |
|
|
what are the strengths of applying religious ethics to GM?
|
-dignity of human regardless of talents, intelligence and physical conditions
-values human life -intrinsic value |
|
|
what are the weaknesses of applying religious ethics to GM?
|
-have to be religious and have faith in God
-uncompassionate- follows obedience to God before curing human suffering -different views and interpretations so hard to apply |
