Ap2 Endocrine System Chapter 16

Front 1

Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands because they dont....

Back 1

have ducts

Front 2

hormones can be all of the following except:

a. proteins

b. eicosanoids

c. steroids

d. carbohydrates

Back 2

d. carbohydrates

Front 3

Target organs respond to water-soluble hormones because of the presence of ________ on the cell membrane surface.

Back 3

specific receptors

Front 4

Most of the amino acid-based hormones affect the target organs using:

Back 4

intracellular second messengers

Front 5

Hormones that directly activate genes are classified as __________.

Back 5

lipid soluble

Front 6

The islets of Langerhans are found in which endocrine organ?

Back 6

pancreas

Front 7

This gland is located in the epithalamus

Back 7

pineal gland

Front 8

This gland atrophies after puberty

Back 8

thymus

Front 9

this organ has an isthmus

Back 9

thyroid gland

Front 10

oxytocine is produced here

Back 10

hypothalamus

Front 11

The epiphyseal plate is the target organ of this hormone

Back 11

GH (growth hormone)

Front 12

The hormone produced by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels is_______

Back 12

Glucagon

Front 13

this hormone is important in sodium regulation

Back 13

aldosterone

Front 14

This hormone stimulates osteoblasts

Back 14

calcitonin

Front 15

The target organ of thyrotropin-releasing hormone is the ________

Back 15

anterior pituitarty gland

Front 16

Which are of the brain regulates the endocrine system?

Back 16

hypothalamus

Front 17

Much of the endocrine system regulates itself through a process called...

Back 17

negative feedback

Front 18

Hormones are sercreted in response to all of the folowing stimuli except:

a. neuronal

b. humoral

c. hormonal

d. up-regulation

Back 18

d. up-regulation

Front 19

The anterior pituitary stimulates other endocrine organs by secreting a group of hormones called

Back 19

tropic hormones

Front 20

An excess of hormones in the blood may cause target organs to decrease the number of receptor for that hormone in a process called ______

Back 20

down-regulation

Front 21

Acromegaly is a result of hypersecretion of this hormone

Back 21

growth hormone

Front 22

Endemic goiter results from lack of ______ in the diet

Back 22

iodine

Front 23

hypoglycemia is a problem with which hormone

Back 23

insulin

Front 24

cushings disease is caused by

Back 24

hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal glands

Front 25

Exophthalmos (bulging of the eye) is a sign of hypersecretion of this hormone

Back 25

thyroxine

Front 26

A person with endemic goiter suffers from

Back 26

low iodine which leads to a hypo-functioning thyroid gland

Front 27

The magnification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is acheived through an increase in ___________.

Back 27

cAMP in the cytoplasm, many cAMP can be generated as a 2nd messenger to amplifly the signal in response to hormone binding

Front 28

Water-soluble hormones affect target caells by binding to _________________.

Back 28

Plasma membrane receptors. whereas steroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors.

Front 29

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

Back 29

hormones are transported through the blood stream to target organs.

Front 30

What is the role of activated protein kinases

Back 30

phosphorylate ADP to ATP, Phosphorylation can activate different proteins causing the response of the cell to water-soluble hormone.

Front 31

Cylic AMP is degraded by ____________.

Back 31

phosphodiesterase, this degraded cylic AMP to AMP.

Front 32

Are memory and learning functions of the endocrine system?

Back 32

FALSE, these are higher level functions of the nervous system.

Front 33

Compared to the effects of nervous system, the effects of the endocrine system __________.

Back 33

Last longer, Hormones require seconds to hours or days to elicit their effects, but these effects tend to last longer

Front 34

What are the primary endocrine organs?

Back 34

anterior pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal cortices, endocrine pancreas, thymus

Front 35

Back 35

thyroid gland, TSH from the anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland.

Front 36

The anterior pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is __________.

Back 36

ADrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH, this is produced by cells called corticotrophs and stimulates the development of the adrenal glands and their synthesis of various steroid hormones.

Front 37

What hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?

Back 37

Antidiuretic hormone ADH(increases solute concentration of the blood), and Oxytocin (stretching of the uterus, infant suckling at the nipple)

Front 38

Hormones that control secretion from other glands are known as

Back 38

Tropic Hormones

Front 39

Where is the antidiuretic hormone ADH or vasopressin made?

Back 39

Hypothalamus

Front 40

What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone ADH/Vasopressin

Back 40

Water retention by the kidneys

Front 41

The hormone calcitonin is produced by the _______ cells of the thyroid.

Back 41

Paraollicular, These cells are found between thyroid follicles

Front 42

What element is necessary for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

Back 42

Iodine

Front 43

What is the correct order of these hormones control from 1sr tier to 3rd tier.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Production of T3 and T4

Back 43

TRH, TSH, Production of t3 & t4

Front 44

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone PTH?

Back 44

Hypocalcemia - low calcium

Front 45

What are the effects of PTH

Back 45

-Inceases calcium ion reabsorbtion from fluid in the kidneys.

-increases calcium ion absorbtion fron the contents of the small intestine.

-increases osteoCLAST activity.

-All of this leads to increase blood calcium concetration

Front 46

Aldosterone regulates

Back 46

extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels

Front 47

what inhibits aldosterone release?

Back 47

decreased blood potassium ion concentration

Front 48

What first tier hormone stimulates cortisol production?

Back 48

corticotropic-releasing hormone CRH

Front 49

Excess cortisol could result in

Back 49

high blood glucose levels

Front 50

When blood glucose levels are high

Back 50

the pancreas releases insulin

Front 51

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Back 51

taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

Front 52

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and glucose

Back 52

liver cells

Front 53

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Back 53

liver cells as well as most other cells in the body

Front 54

When blood glucose levels are low

Back 54

the pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase

Front 55

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

Back 55

homeostasis

Front 56

What are the effects of the hormone insulin?

Back 56

-uptake of lipids, amino acids, and glucose

-sunthesis of glycogen in the liver

-synthesis of fat from lipids and carbs

-promotion of satiety (feeling of fullness)

Front 57

What is the main function of glucagon?

Back 57

to raise blood glucose levels

Front 58

The pineal gland produces the hormone

Back 58

melatonin

Front 59

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes:

Back 59

vasodilation

Front 60

High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of

Back 60

gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH

Front 61

What hormone is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

Back 61

epinephrine is part of the immediate or rapid response to stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla as a result of the increase in the sympathetic nervous system. In fact, the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla act like modified postganglionic neurons.

Front 62

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

a.decreased or difficulty breathing

b.decreased sweating

c.decreased cardiac output

d.decreased insulin secretion

Back 62

insulin decreases plasma glucose and during stress we need an increase in plasma glucose as well as other body fuels. Therefore, insulin secretion would be decreased, in turn increasing plasma glucose.

Front 63

symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma

Back 63

due to the increase in epinephrine, heart rate would be increased and you would feel like your heart was pounding or racing.

Front 64

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a “moon face.”

Back 64

a patient with Cushing’s would have hypertension, increased blood glucose, and an unusual fat distribution on the face, known as a “moon face.” These symptoms are due to increased levels of cortisol and can also be seen in patients after long periods of steroid treatment.

Front 65

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

Back 65

ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron and its secondary function is to act as a vasoconstrictor.

Front 66

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?

Back 66

cortisol is one of the lipid-soluble steroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are also lipid soluble.

Front 67

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?

Back 67

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell, lipid-soluble hormones diffuse into the nucleus or they diffuse into the cytoplasm and then move into the nucleus, where they affect transcription and translation.

Front 68

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

Back 68

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene, then mRNA is synthesized.

Front 69

Which hormone’s receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?

Back 69

thyroid hormones are lipid soluble and their receptors are bound to the response elements of the DNA.

Front 70

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?

Back 70

chaperone proteins (chaperonins), each receptor has two binding sites. The chaperone protein blocks the DNA binding site until a hormone binds at the hormone binding site.

Front 71

What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?

Back 71

water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine, peptides and catecholamines are water-soluble hormones that cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane.

Front 72

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?

Back 72

phosphodiesterase is an intracellular enzyme that degrades cAMP.

Front 73

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?

Back 73

insulin binds to tyrosine kinase receptors and works without a second messenger.

Front 74

Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins?

Back 74

activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP

Front 75

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 75

IP3, inositol trisphosphate releases calcium from intracellular storage sites.

Front 76

Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?

Back 76

β receptors, these receptors are coupled to adenylate cyclase by Gs receptors that increase cAMP.

Front 77

Insulin plays a vital role in carbohydrate metabolism. What is its role?

Back 77

Insulin is needed for cells to pick up glucose from the blood; without insulin, more glucose will remain in the blood.