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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is psychology?
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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
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What is empiricism?
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The view that a) knowledge comes from expericnce via the senses, and b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.
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What is structuralism?
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An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.
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What is functionalism?
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A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
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He established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany. He created a machine that measured the time lag between people's hearing a ball hit, and their pressing of the key. He wanted to measure the "atoms of the mind." His early schools involved structuralism and functionalism.
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Who was Edward Bradford Titchener?
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He was Wundt's student and he first introduced structuralism, and used it to help discover the elements of the mind.
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Who was William James?
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A philosopher-psychologist who thought it would be more fruitful to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings. He was majorly influenced by Charles Darwin. James was also considered to be a functionalist. He was also was Mary Calkins professor and mentor. He was offered a contract by Henry Holt to write a textbook on the new science of psychology and after 12 years published it, "Principles of Psychology."
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Who was Mary Calkins?
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She was admitted into Harvard's graduate program by James, only to not have her degree recognized by Harvard. She was a distinguished memory researcher and the American Psychological Associations first female president.
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What is humanistic psychology?
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Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth.
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Who was Margaret Washburn?
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The first woman to recive a psychology Ph.D. She synthesized animal behavior research in "The Animal Mind."
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Who was Sigmund Freud?
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Famed personality theorist and therapist, whose controversial ideas influenced humanity's self-understanding.
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What is nature-nurture issue?
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The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
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What is natural selection?
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The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
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What are the levels of analysis?
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The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.
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What is the biopsychosocial approach?
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An integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
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What is basic research?
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Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
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What is applied research?
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Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
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What is counseling psychology?
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A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
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What is clinical psychology?
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A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
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What is psychiatry?
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A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
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What is social psychology?
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The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
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What is attribution theory?
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It suggests how we explain someone's behavior- by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.
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What is fundamental attribution error?
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The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's nehavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
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What is attitude?
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Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
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What is foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
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The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
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What is cognitive dissonance theory?
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The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing out attitudes.
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What is conformity?
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Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
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What is normative social influence?
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Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
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What is informational social influence?
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Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
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What is social facilitation?
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Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
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What is social loafing?
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The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
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What is deindividualization?
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The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
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What is group polarization?
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The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
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What is groupthink?
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The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.
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What is prejudice?
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An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude towar a group amd its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefts, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
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What is stereotype?
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A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
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What is discrimination?
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Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group of its members.
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What is ingroup?
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"Us"- people with whom one shares a common identity.
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What is outgroup?
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"Them"- those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup.
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What is ingroup bias?
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The tendency to favor one's own group.
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What is scapegoat theory?
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The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
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What is just-world phenomenon?
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The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
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What is aggression?
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Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
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What is the frustration-aggression principle?
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The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression.
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What is conflict?
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A perceived incompability of actions, goals, or ideas.
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What are social traps?
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A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
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What is mere exposure effect?
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The phenomenon that repeated exposure to the novel stimuli increases liking of them.
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What is passionate love?
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An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
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What is companionate love?
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The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
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What is equity?
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A condition in which people recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
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What is self-disclosure?
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Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
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What is altruism?
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Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
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What is the bystander effect?
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The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
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What is social exchange theory?
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The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
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What is reciprocity norm?
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An expectation that peole will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
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What is social-responsibility norm?
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An expectation that people will help those dependent on them.
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What is are superordinate goals?
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Shared goals that override differences among peopple and require their cooperation.
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What is GRIT?
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Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.
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