Ap Psychology Test 1

Front 1

Neurobiological Model: Focus of Study

Back 1

Behavior viewed as products of brain and nervous system processes

Front 2

Neurobiological Model: Predominant Research Approach

Back 2

Study relationships between biological and psychological processes

Front 3

Neurobiological Model: View of Human Nature

Back 3

Passive and mechanical

Front 4

Neurobiological Model: Predominant Determinants of Behavior

Back 4

Heriditary and Biochemical processes

Front 5

Neurobiological Model: Popular Theorists

Back 5

Roger Sperry

Front 6

Psychoanalytical Model: Focus of Study

Back 6

Behavior viewed as a result of unconsious drives, conflicts

Front 7

Psychoanalytical Model: Predominant Research Approach

Back 7

Study behavior as the expression of hidden motives

Front 8

Psychoanalytical Model: View of Human Nature

Back 8

Driven by inborn instincts

Front 9

Psychoanalytical Model: Predominant Determinants of Behavior

Back 9

Heredity and early life experiences

Front 10

Psychoanalytical Model: Popular Theorists

Back 10

Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung

Front 11

Behavioral Model: Focus of Study

Back 11

Behavior viewed as a reflection of learned response-specific, observable behaviors

Front 12

Behavioral Model: Predominant Research Approach

Back 12

Study behavior as it relates to stimulus and conditions

Front 13

Behavioral Model: View of Human Nature

Back 13

Reactive and easily modified

Front 14

Behavioral Model: Predominant Determinants of Behavior

Back 14

Environment and stimulus conditions

Front 15

Behavioral Model: Popular Theorists

Back 15

John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner

Front 16

Cognitive Model: Focus of Study

Back 16

Behavior viewed as a product of various internal sentences or thoughts

Front 17

Cognitive Model: Predominant Research Approach

Back 17

Study mental process through the application of learned skills

Front 18

Cognitive Model: View of Human Nature

Back 18

Active and Reactive

Front 19

Cognitive Model: Predominant Determinants of Behavior

Back 19

Stimulus conditions and mental processes

Front 20

Cognitive Model: Popular Theorists

Back 20

Herbert Simon
Albert Bandura

Front 21

Humanist Model: Focus of Study

Back 21

Behavior viewed as a reflection of a drive for internal growth

Front 22

Humanist Model: Predominant Research Approach

Back 22

Study life patterns, values and goals

Front 23

Humanist Model: View of Human Nature

Back 23

Active and unlimited in potential

Front 24

Humanist Model: Predominant Determinants of Behavior

Back 24

Self directed

Front 25

Humanist Model: Popular Theorists

Back 25

Carl Rogers

Abraham Maslow

Front 26

Wilhelm Wundt

Back 26

One of the first advocates of psychology as an independent field to be studied in a scientific manner. He believed in structuralism, by breaking conscious thought down into its most basic elements and used the method of introspection.

Front 27

Eclectic Model

Back 27

Psychologists who use techniques from various models in order to treat patients

Front 28

Gestalt Model

Back 28

The whole of human behavior is greater than the sum of its individual parts

Front 29

Experimental Method

Back 29

Goal is to test hypothesis through trial
Requires variable conditions that the researcher controls
ADVANTAGE: Objectivity
DISADVANTAGE: Need subjects, potential biases

Front 30

Naturalistic Observation

Back 30

Subjects are studied by researchers without their knowledge
ADVANTAGE: Behavior is natural
DISADVANTAGE: Behvaior can be cchanged because of observation

Front 31

Clinical Method (Case Study)

Back 31

Based on observations and treatment of actual patients
ADVANTAGE: Knowledge of patient and history leads to thorough understanding of situation
DISADVANTAGE: Individual differences

Front 32

Survey Method

Back 32

Asking questions to gauge feelings, opinions, or behavior patterns.
ADVANTAGE: Can gather information on intangibles (ex. feelings, thoughts, etc)
DISADVANTAGE: Subjective

Front 33

Longitudinal Study

Back 33

Studies the same group of people over time
ADVANTAGE: Necessary for certain areas (ex. development)
DISADVANTAGE: Costly, long

Front 34

Correlational Method

Back 34

Attempting to discover to what extent different variables are related
ADVANTAGE: Allows for prediction (ex. smoking -> cancer)
DISADVANTAGE: cause-and-effect relationships can NOT be determined

Front 35

Hypothesis

Back 35

Statement of the restults the experimenter expects

Front 36

Variables

Back 36

Conditions that can change in an experiment

Front 37

Independent variable

Back 37

The condition that is systematically changed

Front 38

Placebo

Back 38

Control group
Non-treatment disgusised as treatment to prevent false positives

Front 39

Dependent Variable

Back 39

The condition that is being measured. Must be clearly defined and measurable (Operationalized)

Front 40

Confounding Variables

Back 40

Differences between control and experimental conditions, as from independent variables, that might affect the dependent variable (need to be avoided)

Front 41

Subjects

Back 41

People (or animals) on whom experiment is conducted

Front 42

Sampling

Back 42

How you select your subjects
-Random selection from population
-Random assignment to conditions
-Large population size
-Representative of larger population
-Double blind technique

Front 43

Double Blind Technique

Back 43

Neither the subject nor the experimenter knows the condition of the subject (prevents bias)

Front 44

Validity

Back 44

Experiment measures what it set out to measure & is accurate

Front 45

Reliability

Back 45

Experiment can be replicated with consistent results

Front 46

Descriptive Statistics/ Central Tendency

Back 46

Mean
Median
Mode
Outliers

Front 47

Outliers

Back 47

A small number of unusual results that throw off curve

Front 48

Normal Distribution

Back 48

Mean is in the center and curve is bell shaped

Front 49

Positivley Skewed Distribution

Back 49

Mean is closer to the y-axis

Front 50

Negativley Skewed Distribution

Back 50

Mean is further from the y-axis

Front 51

Descriptive statistics

Back 51

Measures of Variability
Attempt to depict the diversity of the scores
Range
Standard Deviation

Front 52

Standard Deviation

Back 52

The average distance of any score in the distribution from the mean

Front 53

Z-Scores

Back 53

Measured in standard devation
+1 Z score = 1 Standard deviation greater than the mean

Front 54

Graphic Correlation

Back 54

Scatter plot graph
Positive correlation (+1 has perfect correlation)
Negative correlation (-1 has perfect correlation)

Front 55

Inferrential Satistics

Back 55

Results must be able to be generalized to larger population
Significant results

Front 56

John Watson

Back 56

An advocate of behaviorism, or the belief that the only way to truly study psychology is to observe behaviors. Internal thoughts can't be used because they are impossible to measure scientifically.

Front 57

Sociocultural Model

Back 57

The study of psychology based on the impact of social and cultural factors on behavior

Front 58

Ethical Guidelines: Animal Research

Back 58

-Research must have a clear scientific purpose.
-Animals must be cared for and housed in a humane way.
-Animals must be acquired legally.
-Experiments must be designed to employ the least amount of suffering possible.

Front 59

Ethical Guidelines: Human Research

Back 59

-Informed Consent:If subjects must be deceived it must not be so extreme as to ivnalidate the informed consent.
-Coercion: Participation must be voluntary
-Anonymity/Confidentiality: Particpants' privacy must be protected
-Risk: Participants can't be placed at any significant mental or physical risk.
-Debriefing Procedures: Particiapnts must be told the purpose of the study, and have the right to view results when study is completed.