Ap Psychology Chapter 9

Front 1

What is memory?

Back 1

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Front 2

What is flashbulb memory?

Back 2

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Front 3

What is encoding?

Back 3

The processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning.

Front 4

What is storage?

Back 4

The retention of encoded information over time.

Front 5

What is retrieval?

Back 5

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Front 6

What is sensory memory?

Back 6

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Front 7

What is short-term memory?

Back 7

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information if stored or forgotten.

Front 8

What is long-term memory?

Back 8

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Front 9

What is working memory?

Back 9

A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Front 10

What is automatic processing?

Back 10

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Front 11

What is effortful processing?

Back 11

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Front 12

What is rehearsal?

Back 12

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

Front 13

What is spacing effect?

Back 13

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Front 14

What is serial position effect?

Back 14

Our tendency to recall best the last and first times in a list.

Front 15

What is visual encoding?

Back 15

The encoding of picture images.

Front 16

What is acoustic encoding?

Back 16

The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

Front 17

What is semantic encoding?

Back 17

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

Front 18

What is imagery?

Back 18

Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

Front 19

What is mnemonics?

Back 19

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Front 20

What is chunking?

Back 20

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Front 21

What is ionic memory?

Back 21

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Front 22

What is echoic memory?

Back 22

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Front 23

What is long-term potentiation?

Back 23

An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Front 24

What is amnesia?

Back 24

The loss of memory.

Front 25

What is implicit memory?

Back 25

Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory.)

Front 26

What is explicit memory?

Back 26

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare". (Also called declarative memory.)

Front 27

What is hippocampus?

Back 27

A neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage.

Front 28

What is recall?

Back 28

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the blank statement.

Front 29

What is recognition?

Back 29

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.

Front 30

What is relearning?

Back 30

A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

Front 31

What is priming?

Back 31

The activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory.

Front 32

What is deja vu?

Back 32

The eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Front 33

What is mood-congruent memory?

Back 33

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

Front 34

What is proactive interference?

Back 34

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Front 35

What is retroactive interference?

Back 35

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

Front 36

What is repression?

Back 36

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Front 37

What is misinformation effect?

Back 37

Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

Front 38

What is source amnesia?

Back 38

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.