Ap Human Geography-Unit 2

Front 1

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

Back 1

The percentage growth of a population in a year

RNI = (CBR - CDR)/10

Sometimes called the Natural Rate of Increase (NRI)

Front 2

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Back 2

The total number of live births per 1000 members of the community in one calendar year

CBR = Live Births/Population in thousands

Front 3

Annual statistic

Back 3

A statistic that is calculated per year

Front 4

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Back 4

The number of deaths per 100 members of the community in one calendar year

CDR = Deaths/Population in thousands

Front 5

Life expectancy

Back 5

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions

Front 6

Life expectancy at birth

Back 6

The average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

Front 7

Fecundity

Back 7

Producing or able to produce offspring

Front 8

double-income no-kid (DINK)

Back 8

Families in which both spouses work and there are no children

Front 9

Doubling time

Back 9

An estimation of how long it will take a country's population to double

Doubling time = 70/RNI

Front 10

Immigration

Back 10

Migration to a new location

Front 11

Emigration

Back 11

Migration from a location

Front 12

Net Migration Rate

Back 12

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration per 1000 members of the community

Net Migration Rate =

(# of immigrants - # of emigrants)/(population in thousands)

Front 13

Demographic Equation

Back 13

The percentage increase or decrease of the population of a community

Demographic Equation =

[(CBR - CDR) + Net Migration Rate]/10

Front 14

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Back 14

The estimated average number of children born to each female of birthing age (15-45)

TFR = (# of children born)/(# of women aged 15-45)

Front 15

Replacement Rate

Back 15

The TFR required for the population to be maintained naturally (not including migration)

Replacement Rate = TFR = 2.1

Front 16

Demographic Transition Model

Back 16

A theory/model of how population changes over time, providing insights into issues of migration, fertility, economic development, the roles of women, urbanization, etc

Front 17

Carrying capacity

Back 17

The number of living organisms that a region can support without environmental degredation

Front 18

Population S-curve

Back 18

The shape of the population curve on the Demographic Transition Module due to the initial slow growth due, followed by exponential growth, followed by slow growth as a population reaches its carry capacity

Front 19

Subsistence farming

Back 19

Farming that produces only enough to eat

Front 20

Transhumance

Back 20

Seasonal migration for food and resources

Front 21

Child mortality

Back 21

The death of infants and children under the age of five

Front 22

Infant mortality

Back 22

The death of children under the age of one year

Front 23

Pull factors

Back 23

Specific things about a place that draw people to that place

Front 24

Zero population growth (ZPG)

Back 24

When birth rates and death rates are equal

Front 25

Demographic Transition Model: Stage One

Back 25

Balance

Agricultural; subsistence; agrarian

High birth rate; high death rate; slow population growth

No current countries; southern Africa during epidemics

Front 26

Demographic Transition Model: Stage Two

Back 26

Growth

Developing, industrialized

High birth rate; decreasing death rate; rapid population growth

Ghana; Nepal

Front 27

Demographic Transition Model: Stage Three

Back 27

Leveling

Developed, industrialized

Decreasing birth rate; decreasing death rate; slowing population growth

China; Uraguay

Front 28

Demographic Transition Model: Stage Four

Back 28

Replacement

Service-based

Low birth rate; low death rate; low to negative population growth

Italy; Canada

Front 29

Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)

Back 29

Countries characterized by economies that are transitioning away from agriculture to manufacturing as their primary form of economics

Fall between Demographic Transition Model Stage Two and Three

Mexico; Malaysia

Front 30

Guest workers

Back 30

Foreign workers in countries with limited population growth and so limited citizens to enter the workforce

Front 31

Malthusian Theory

Back 31

Proposed by Thomas Malthus in 1798. Stated that the world's population would eventually (he believed about 1900) outgrow its food resources.

Front 32

Malthusian catastrophe

Back 32

The point at which there would no longer be enough food to support the global population

Front 33

Neo-Malthusians

Back 33

Recent theorists who warn that a Malthusian catastrophe could still occur

Front 34

Sustainability

Back 34

The capacity to endure

Front 35

Population pyramid

Back 35

A graphic way to demonstrate the population structure of a country or place

Front 36

Age cohort

Back 36

A group of people of a given age or age grouping

Front 37

Age-sex cohort

Back 37

A group of people, of the same sex, of a given age or age grouping

Front 38

Population density

Back 38

The number of people per given area of land

Front 39

Arithmetic population density

Back 39

The number of people per given area of land

Front 40

Physiologic density

Back 40

The number of people per given area of arable (farmable) land

Front 41

Arable

Back 41

Farmable

Front 42

Centroid

Back 42

The geographic center of the country

Front 43

Population-weighted centroid

Back 43

The point on which a rigid, weightless map would balance perfectly given if the population members are represented as points of equal mass

Front 44

Age cohort

Back 44

A group of subjects who are within a certain age range.

Front 45

Age distribution

Back 45

A population pyramid that shows a graphical distribution of various age groups in a population.

Front 46

Cohort

Back 46

People counted as a group.

Front 47

Demographic equation

Back 47

The increase or decrease in the population minus the amount of migration.

(RNI - net migration)/10 = % growth rate annually

Front 48

Demographic momentum

Back 48

The tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline due to their young age distribution. This leads to the country moving to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

Front 49

Doubling time

Back 49

The time required for a population to double in size.

70/RNI

Front 50

Ecumene

Back 50

Inhabited land; land where people have made their permanent home; areas considered occupied and used for agricultural or any other economic purpose

Front 51

Gendered space

Back 51

An area which is designated for or claimed by one gender.

Front 52

Overpopulation

Back 52

A function of the number of individuals compared to the relevant resources, such as the water and essential nutrients they need to survive.

Front 53

Population distribution

Back 53

Description of locations on the Earth's surface where populations live.

Front 54

Population explosion

Back 54

The rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase.

Front 55

Population projection

Back 55

Estimate of the population for future dates.

Front 56

Sex-ratio

Back 56

The ratio of males to females in a population.

Front 57

Standard of living

Back 57

The level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area.

Front 58

Sustainability

Back 58

The ability to continue a defined behavior indefinitely.

Front 59

Underpopulation

Back 59

Circumstances of too few people to sufficiently develop the resources of a country or region to improve the level of living for its inhabitants.

Front 60

Zero population growth

Back 60

A population that is unchanging, neither growing nor declining.

Front 61

Activity space

Back 61

The space within which daily activity occurs.

Front 62

Chain migration

Back 62

Pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links. One migrant settles in a place and then communicates to other family members and friends who in turn migrate there.

Front 63

Cyclic movement

Back 63

Movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally. (Nomadic migration)

Front 64

Forced migration

Back 64

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.f

Front 65

Gravity model

Back 65

A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them.

Front 66

Internal migration

Back 66

Human movement within a nation-state.

Front 67

Intervening Opportunity

Back 67

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites further away.

Front 68

Periodic movement

Back 68

Movement that involves temporary, recurrent relocation. (College attendance or military service)

Front 69

Personal space

Back 69

The physical space immediately surrounding someone, into which any encroachment feels threatening or uncomfortable to them.

Front 70

Place utility

Back 70

The desirability and usefulness of a place to an individual or group.

Front 71

Push factors

Back 71

Negative conditions and perceptions that make people leave their home and migrate to a different place.

Front 72

Pull factors

Back 72

Positive conditions and perceptions that attract people to a particular place.

Front 73

Refugees

Back 73

People who have left their home country because of political persecution.

Front 74

Space-time prism

Back 74

The set of all points that can be reached by an individual given a maximum possible speed from a starting point in space-time and an ending point in space-time.

Front 75

Step migration

Back 75

Migration that is done in stages.

Front 76

Transmigration

Back 76

The movement of people away from overpopulated core regions to less crowded areas.

Front 77

Voluntary migration

Back 77

Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move.