Ap Human Geography Unit 2- Alloway

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Population Density

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A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land.

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Arithmetic Population Density

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The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit.

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Physiological Population Density

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The number of people per unit area of arable land.

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Population Distribution

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Description of locations on the Earth’s surface where populations live.

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Megalopolis

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Term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world; formerly used specifically with an up- percase “M” to refer to the Boston—Washington multimetropolitan corridor on the northeastern seaboard of the United States, but now used generically with a lower-case “m” as a synonym for conurbation.

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Census

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A periodic and official count of a country’s population.

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Total Fertility Rate

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The average number of children born to awoman during her childbearing years.

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Old-age Dependency Rate

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The number of people 65 years of age for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64.

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Child Dependency Ratio

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The number of people between the ages of 0 and 14 for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64.

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Doubling Time

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The time required for a population to double in size.

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Population Explosion

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The rapid growth of the world’s human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase.

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Zero Population Growth

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a state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because the number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births.

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Crude Birth Rate

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The number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population.

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Crude Death Rate

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The number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population.

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Natural Increase

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Population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths. Natural increase of a population does not reflect either emigrant or immigrant movements.

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Demographic Transition

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Multistage model, based on Western Europe’s experience, of changes in population growth exhibited by countries under- going industrialization. High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain; this is followed by the convergence of birth rates and death rates at a low overall level.

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Stationary Population Level

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The level at which a national populationceases to grow.

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Population Composition

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Structure of a population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education

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Population Pyramids

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Visual representations of the age and sex composi- tion of a population whereby the percentage of each age group (generally five-year increments) is represented by a horizontal bar the length of which represents its relationship to the total population. The males in each age group are represented to the left of the center line of each horizontal bar; the females in each age group are represented to the right of the center line.

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Infant Mortality Rate

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A figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population.

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Child Mortality Rate

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A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population.

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Life Expectancy

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A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. Normally expressed in the context of a particular state.

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Infectious Disease

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Diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or para- sites. Infectious diseases diffuse directly or indirectly from human to human.

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Chronic or degenerative diseases

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Generally long-lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies.

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Genetic or inherited dieases

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Diseases caused by variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in a human.

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Expansive Population Policies

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Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth

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Eugenic Population Policies

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Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others.

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Restrictive Population Policies

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Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural population increase.

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Refugee Camps

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Temporary settlements set up to accommodate people who flee their homelands in the face of civil unrest, oppression, or warfare

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Remittances

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Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.

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Cyclic Movement

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Movement—for example, nomadic migration—that hasa closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally.

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Periodic Movement

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Movement—for example, college attendence or mili- tary service—that involves temporary, recurrent relocation.

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Actvivity Spaces

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The space within which daily activity occurs.

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Nomadism

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Movement among a definite set of places—often cyclic movement.

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Transhumance

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A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures.

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International Migration

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Human movement across boundaries of a country.

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Internal Migration

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Human movement within a nation-state, such as ongoing westward and southward movements in the United States.

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Forced Migration

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Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

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Voluntary Migration

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Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move.

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Human Trafficking

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A form of forced migration in which organized criminal elements move people illegally from one place to another, typically either to work as involuntary laborers or to participate in the commercial sex trade.

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Laws of Migration

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Developed by British demographer Ernst Ravenstein, five laws that predict the flow of migrants.

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Gravity Model

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A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them.

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Push Factor

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Negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale.

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Pull Factors

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Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas.

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Distance Decay

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The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greaterthe distance the less interaction.

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Step Migration

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Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to town and city.

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Intervening Opportunity

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The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

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Deportation

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The act of a government sending a migrant out of its country and back to the migrant’s home country

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Chain Migration

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Pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links (i.e. one migrant settles in a place and then writes, calls, or communicates through others to describe this place to family and friends who in turn then migrate there).

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Immigration Wave

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Phenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination.

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Colonization

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Physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land.

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Guest Worker

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Legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term.

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Regional Scale

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Interactions occurring within a region, in a regional setting.

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Islands Of Devolpment

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Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure.

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Refugees

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People who have fled their country because of political persecu- tion and seek asylum in another country.

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Internal Displaced Persons

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People who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee.

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Asylum

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Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state.

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Repatriation

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A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization.

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Immigration Laws

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Laws and regulations of a state designed specifically tocontrol immigration into that state.

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Selective immigration

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Process to control immigration in which indi- viduals with certain backgrounds (i.e. criminal records, poor health, or sub- versive activities) are barred from immigrating.

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Emigration

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A person migrating away from a country or area; an out-migrant.

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Immigration

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That act of a person migrating into a new country or area.

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Kinship links

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Connections to family members that will likely encourage migration.

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Migration

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A change in residence intended to be permanent.

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Genocide

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Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.