Anatomy Lab Exercise 9 The Axial Skeleton

Front 1

Skull

Vertebral column

Thoracic Cage

Back 1

3 Parts of the Axial Skeleton

Front 2

Cervical (7 bones of neck)

Thoracic (12)

Lumbar (5 lower back)

Back 2

Name different types of vertebrae

Front 3

Importanace of intervertebral discs

Back 3

Cushion the vertebrae and absorb shocks

Front 4

Cranium

Facial Bones

Back 4

Skull Composition (2)

Front 5

Sutures

Back 5

Interlocking fibrous joints that join all the bones of the skull except for the mandible

Front 6

External anatomy of the right lateral aspect of the skull (Sutures)

Back 6

Coronal suture

Lambdoid suture

Squamous Suture

Front 7

External anatomy of the right lateral aspect of the skull (Bones)

Back 7

Parietal Bone

Temporal Bone

Frontal Bone

Occipital Bone

Sphenoid Bone

Ethmoid Bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic Bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Front 8

External anatomy of the right lateral aspect of the skull (Processes and depressions)

Back 8

Zygomatic process

Mastoid process

Styloid process

Condylar process

Coronoid process

External acoustin meatus

Mental foramen

Front 9

Zygomatic Process

Back 9

Bridgelike projection that articulates with the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch

Front 10

External acoustic meatus

Back 10

Canal leading to the middle ear and eardrum

Front 11

Styloid Process

Back 11

Needlelike projection that serves as an attachment point for ligaments and muscles of the neck

Front 12

Jugular foramen

Back 12

Located where the petrous part of the temporal bone joins the occipital bone. Forms an opening which the jugular vein and cranial nerves pass.

Front 13

Foramen lacerum

Back 13

Almost completely closed by cartilage in the living person but forms a jagged opening in dried skulls

Front 14

Stylomastoid foramen

Back 14

Tiny opening between the mastoid and styloid processes through which cranial nerve leaves the cranium

Front 15

Mastoid process

Back 15

Located posterior to the external acoustic meatus; serves as an attachment point for neck muscles

Front 16

Inferior view of the skull, mandible removed (Bones)

Back 16

Hard palate (Maxilla, Palatine Bone)

Temporal Bone (Zygomatic process)

Temporal bone (Petrous part)

Parietal Bone

Maxilla

Sphenoid bone (greater wing)

Occipital Bone

Front 17

Inferior view of the skull, mandible removed (Processes and Depressions)

Back 17

Maxilla (Palatine Process)

Palatine Bone (Horizontal plate)

Zygomatic process

Styloid process

Infraorbital foramen

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Foramen lacerum

Carotid canal

External acoustic meatus

Stylomastoid

Jugular foramen

Inferior nuchal line

Foramen magnum

Mandibular fossa

Mastoid process

Occipital condyle

Front 18

Internal anatomy of the inferior portion of the skull (Bones)

Back 18

Ethmoid bone (Cribriform plate, crista galli)

Sphenoid (Lesser wing, greater wing)

Temporal bone (petrous part)

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Frontal bone

Front 19

Internal anatomy of the inferior portion of the skull (Depressions and Projections)

Back 19

Cribriform plate

Crista galli

Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica

Internal acoustic meatus

Jugular foramen

Cribriform foramina (Olfactory)

Optic Canal

Foramen rotundum

Foramen ovale

Foramen lacerum

Foramen spinosum

Front 20

Foramen magnum

Back 20

Large opening in the base of the bone, which allows spinal cord to join with the brain stem

Front 21

Occipital condyles

Back 21

Rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra (Atlas)

Front 22

Sphenoid bone (Superior view)

Back 22

Optica canal

Sella turcica

Superior orbital fissure

Foramen rotundum

Foramen ovale

Pterygoid process (Posterior view)

Front 23

Pterygoid process

Back 23

Project inferiorly from the greater wings; attachment site for chewing muscles

Front 24

Superior orbital fissures

Back 24

Slits in the orbits providing passage of cranial nerves that control eye movements

Front 25

SELLA TURCICA (WILL DEF. BE ON TEST)

Back 25

"Turkish saddle" located on the superior surface of the body; seat of the saddle (hypophyseal fossa) holds the pituitary gland

Front 26

Optic canals

Back 26

Openings in the base of the lesser wings; cranial nerve passes through to serve the eye

Front 27

Foramen rotundum

Back 27

Openings located in the medial part of the greater wing; branch of the cranial nerve passes through

Front 28

Foramen ovale

Back 28

Openings located posterolateral to the foramen rotundum; branch of cranial nerve passes through

Front 29

Foramen spinosum

Back 29

Openings located posterolateral to the foramen spinosum; provides pasageway for the middle meningeal artery

Front 30

Ethmoid Bone (Anterior View)

Back 30

Crista galli

Front 31

Crista galli

Back 31

"Rooster's comb"; superior projection that attaches to the dura mater, helping to secure the brain within the skull

Front 32

Cribriform plactes

Back 32

Located lateral to the crista galli; form a portion of the roof of nasal cavity and floor of anterior cranial fossa

Front 33

Orbital plates

Back 33

Lateral surface of the lateral masses that contribute to the medial wall of the orbits

Front 34

Superior and middle nasal conchae

Back 34

Extend medially from the lateral masses; act as turbinates to improve airflow through the nasal cavity

Front 35

Posterior view of the skull

Back 35

Parietal bone

Temporal bone (mastoid process)

Occipital bone

Sagittal suture

Lambdoid suture

Occipital condyle

Front 36

Maxilla Components

Back 36

Frontal process

Palatine process

Zygomatic process

Front 37

Mandible Component

Back 37

Condylar processes

Mental foramina

Coronoid process

Mandibular fossa of temporal bone

Front 38

Anterior view of the skull (Bones)

Back 38

Parietal bone

Nasal bone

Sphenoid bone (greater wing)

Temporal bone

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Frontal bone

Front 39

Anterior view of the skull (Depressions and projections)

Back 39

- Infraorbital foramen (Maxilla)

- Mental foramen (Mandible)

- Flabella (Frontal Bone)

- Superior orbital fissure

- Optic canal

-Inferior orbital fissure

- Middle nasal concha (Ethmoid bone)

- Perpendicular plate (Ethmoid bone)

- Inferior nasal concha

- Vomer

Front 40

Frontal Process

Front 41

Infraorbital foramen

Front 42

Palatine process

Front 43

Zygomatic process

Front 44

Condylar processes

Front 45

Coronoid processes

Front 46

Frontal view of Beauchene skull

Back 46

Parietal bone

Sphenoid bone

Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Frontal bone

Ethmoid bone

Nasal bones

Mandible

Front 47

Maxillary

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

Frontal

Back 47

Four skull bones that contain paranasal sinuses

Front 48

Hyoid Bone

Back 48

-Located in the throat above the larynx

-Serve as a point of attachment for many tongue and neck muscles

-Horseshoe shaped with a body and two pairs of horns, or cornua

Front 49

Vertebrae (24 single bones)

Sacrum

Cocyx

Back 49

Vertebral Column Composition (3)

Front 50

Scoliosis

Kyphosis

Lordosis

Back 50

Types of Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

Front 51

Body (centrum)

Vertebral arch

Vertebral (spinal) foramen

Transverse processes

Spinous process

Superior and inferior articular processes

Intervertebral foramina

Back 51

Structure of a Typical Vertebra (7)

Front 52

Body (centrum)

Back 52

Rounded central portion of the vertebra, which faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column.

Front 53

Vertebral arch

Back 53

Composed of pedicles, laminae, and a spinous process, it represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body

Front 54

Vertebral (spinal) foramen

Back 54

Opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch; a passage way for the spinal cord

Front 55

Transverse processes

Back 55

Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

Front 56

Spinous process

Back 56

Single medial and posterior projection from the vertebral arch

Front 57

Superior and inferior articular processes

Back 57

Pair projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable articulation with adjacent vertebrae. The superior articular processes typically face toward the spinous process (posteriorly), wherase the inferior articular processes face (anteriorly) away from the spinous process

Front 58

7 (C1 through C7)

Back 58

How many cervical vertebrae?

Front 59

Atlas and Axis

Back 59

First 2 Cervical vertebrae is called the

Front 60

Atlas

Back 60

C1: Lacks a body, its lateral processes contain large concave depressions on their superior surfaces that receive the occipital condyles of the skull

Front 61

Axis

Back 61

C2: Acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas.

Front 62

C3-C6 Cervical Vertebrae

Back 62

- Vertebral foramen is triangular

- Spinous process is short and often divided into two branches

Front 63

C7 Most inferior part of Cervical Vertebrae

Back 63

- Spinous process is substantially longer than the other vertebrae (1-6)

- Visible through the neck, it called the vertebra prominens

Front 64

Cervical Vertebrae Characteristics

Back 64

- Transverse processes are wide, next to the body

-Body is small and rectangular (viewed superiorly)

- Spinous process is short, mostly branched

- Transverse processes have transverse foramen going through them for the vertebral arteries to pass superiorly on their way to brain

- Thus, these foramina are an indication of the ___________Vertebrae

Front 65

12 (T1-T12)

Back 65

How many thoracic vertebrae?

Front 66

Thoracic Vertebrae Characteristics

Back 66

- Larger body than the cervical vertebrae

- Body is somewhat heart shaped

- Two small costal facets on each side (one superior, one inferior) close to the origin of the vertebral arch for the ribs (except 11-12)

- These vertebral foramen is oval or round

- Spinous process is long, with a sharp downward hook

- The more inferior it is, the less sharp and shorter the spinous process

Front 67

5 (L1-L5)

Back 67

How many lumbar vertebrae?

Front 68

Lumbar vertebrae characteristics

Back 68

-Triangular vertebral foramen

- Massive kidney shaped bodies

- Short, thick, hatchet shaped (when viewed laterally) spinous processes extending directly backward

- Superior and anterior articular processes

- Transverse processes are thin and tapered (viewed superiorly)

Front 69

Sacrum

Back 69

- Composite bone formed from the fusion of five vertebrae

- Superiorly articulates with L5, inferiorly it connects with coccyx

- Alae articulate laterally with the hip bones

- Forms posterior border of the pelvis

- Four transverse ridges cross anterior part

- Four sets of foramina on each side

Front 70

Vertebral canal to the sacral canal to the sacral hiatus to the coccyx.

Back 70

How does the vertebral canal connect with the coccyx? (openings of the sacrum)

Front 71

Coccyx

Back 71

- Formed from the fusion of 3 to 5 small irregularly shaped vertebrae

-Trangular shaped tail bone

- Attached to the sacrum by ligaments

Front 72

Sternum

Ribs

Thoracic Vertebrae

Costal cartilages

Back 72

Thoracic cage consists of? (4)

Front 73

Sternum (Breastbone)

Back 73

- Typical flat bone, result of fusion of the manubrium, body and xiphoid process.

- Attached to the first 7 pairs of ribs.

Front 74

Manubrium

Back 74

- Most superior part of sternum, looks like the knot of a tie

- Articulates with clavicle (collarbone) laterally

Front 75

Jugular notch

Back 75

- The notch on top of manubrium

Front 76

12

Back 76

How many pairs of ribs form the walls of the thoracic cage?

Front 77

True or vertebrostenal ribs

Back 77

- First 7 pairs of the ribs

- Attach directly to the sternum by their own costal cartilages

Front 78

False ribs

Back 78

- 8-12 rib pairs

- Attach indirectly to the sternum or entirely lack a sternal attachment

Front 79

Vertebrochondral Ribs

Back 79

- 8-10 rib pairs

- Have indirect cartilage attachments to the sternum via the costal cartilage of rib 7

Front 80

Floating or vertebral ribs

Back 80

- 10-12 rib pairs

- Have no sternal attachment

Front 81

Fetal Skull

Back 81

-Incompletely formed at birth and connected by fibrous membranes called fontanelles

- These fontanelles allow the fetal skull to be compressed slightly during birth and also allow for brain growth

Front 82

Fetal Skull Components

Back 82

- Frontal Bone (2)

- Parietal Bone (2)

- Occipital Bone (2)

- Temporal Bone (2)

- Maxilla

- Mandible

- Frontal Suture

- Anterior Fontanelle

- Posterior fontanelle

- Sphenoidal fontanelle

- Mastoid fontanelle

Front 83

Frontal

2 Parietal

2 Temporal

Occipital

Zygomatic

Sphenoid

Back 83

The 8 Cranial Bones (Some consist of 2)

Front 84

Mandible

Back 84

With one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures.

Front 85

Occipital

Parietal

Back 85

What bones are connected by the lambdoid suture?

Front 86

Parietal

Temporal

Back 86

What bones are connected by the squamous suture?

Front 87

Make skull lighter

Resonance chamber for speech

Back 87

2 possible functions of the sinuses

Front 88

Eye Socket

Back 88

Orbit

Front 89

Frontal

Zygomatic

Maxilla

Lacrimal

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Palatine

Back 89

Bones that form the orbit (7)

Front 90

Since it is in contact with all of the other cranial bones.

Back 90

Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone of the cranial floor?

Front 91

fibrocartilage

Back 91

What kind of tissue compose the intervertebral discs?