Exercise 10: The Axial Skeleton

Front 1

Skull

Back 1

Composed of the cranium and facial bones

Front 2

Cranial Vault

Back 2

Formes the superior, lateral and posterior walls of the skull

Front 3

Cranial Floor

Back 3

Formes the bottom wall of the skull

Front 4

Frontal Bone

Back 4

Forms the forehead, superior part of the orbit, and floor of anterior cranial fossa

Front 5

Supraorbital foramen

Back 5

Opening above each orbit allowing blood and nerve vessels to pass

Front 6

Glabella

Back 6

Smooth area between the eyes

Front 7

Parietal Bone

Back 7

Posterolateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of cranium

Front 8

Sagittal Suture

Back 8

Midline articulation point of the two parietal bones

Front 9

Coronal Suture

Back 9

Point of articulation of parietals with frontal bone.

Front 10

Temporal Bone

Back 10

Inferior to the parietal bone, and composed of 4 different regions.

Front 11

4 Regions of temporal Bone

Back 11

Squamous Region, Tympanic Region, Mastoid Region and Petrous Region.

Front 12

Squamous Suture

Back 12

Point of articulation of the temporal bone with the parietal bone.

Front 13

Zygomatic Process

Back 13

A bridgelike projection projection joiing the zygomaticbone and temperal bone.

Front 14

Mandibular Fossa

Back 14

Rounded depression on the inferior surface forming the socket for the mandibular condyle (point where mandible joings the cranium)

Front 15

External Acoustic Meatus

Back 15

Canal leading to eardrum and middle ear

Front 16

Styloid Process

Back 16

Stylus looking projection inferior to external acoustic meatus; attachement point for muscles and ligaments of the neck.

Front 17

Mastoid Process

Back 17

Full of air cavities and close to the middle ear; often becomes infected with the ear called mastoiditis.

Front 18

Meningitis

Back 18

Inflamation of the brain coverings often originating from an inflamed mastoi process.

Front 19

Stylomastoid Foramen

Back 19

Tiny opening between the mastoid and styloid processes through which cranial nerve IX leaves the cranium.

Front 20

Jugular Foramen

Back 20

Opening medial to the styloid process through which the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves IX, X and XI pas.

Front 21

Carotid Canal

Back 21

Opening medial to the styloid process through which the internal carotid artery passes into the cranial cavity

Front 22

Internal Acoustic Meatus

Back 22

Opening on posterior aspect of temporal bone allowing passage of cranial nerves VII and VIII

Front 23

Foramen Lacerum

Back 23

Jagged opening between the petrous temporal bone and the phenoid providing passage for a number of small nerves and for the internal carotid artery to enter the middle cranial fossa

Front 24

Occipital Bone

Back 24

Most posterior bone of the cranium, forms floor and back wall. Joins sphenoid bone anteriorly

Front 25

Lambdoid Suture

Back 25

Site of articulation of occipital bone and parietal bones

Front 26

Foramen Magnum

Back 26

Large opening in base of occipital which allows the spinal cord to join with the brain.

Front 27

Occipital condyles

Back 27

Rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra

Front 28

Hypoglossal Canal

Back 28

Opening medial and superior to the occipital condyle through which the hypoglossal nerve passes

Front 29

External Occipital Crest

Back 29

Mmidline prominence posterior to the foramen magnum

Front 30

External Occipital Protuberance

Back 30

Lateral prominence posterior to the foramen magnum

Front 31

Sphenoid Bone

Back 31

Bat shaped bone forming the anterior plateau of the middle cranial fossa across the width of the skull. Keystone of the cranium because it articulates with all other cranial bones.

Front 32

Greater Wings

Back 32

Portion of the sphenoid seen exteriorly anterior to the temporal and forming part of the eye orbits

Front 33

Pterygoid processes

Back 33

Inferiorly directed trough-shaped projections from the junction of the body and the greater wings.

Front 34

Superior Orbital Fissures

Back 34

Jagged openings in orbits providing passage for cranial nerves where they serve the eyes.

Front 35

Sella turcica

Back 35

A saddle shaped region in the sphenoid midline. The seat of this saddle , called hypophyseal fossa surrounds the pituitary gland.

Front 36

Lesser Wings

Back 36

Bat-shaped portions of the sphenoid anterior to the stella turcica

Front 37

Optic Canals

Back 37

Openings in the base of the lesser wing through which the optic nerve enters the orbits to serve the eyes

Front 38

Foramen Rotundum

Back 38

Opening lateral to the stella turcica providing passage for a branch of te V cranial nerve

Front 39

Foramen Ovale

Back 39

Opening posterior to the sella turcica providing passage for a branch of the fifth cranial nerve

Front 40

Ethmoid Bone

Back 40

Irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid. Forms the roof of the nasal cavity, upper nasal septum and part of the medial orbit walls.

Front 41

Crista galli

Back 41

Vertebral projection providing a point of attachment for the dura mater, helping to secure the brain within the skull

Front 42

Cribriform plates

Back 42

Bony plates lateral to the crista galli through which olfactory fibers pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa.

Front 43

Perpendicular plate

Back 43

Inferior projection of the ethmoid that forms the superior part of the nasal septum

Front 44

Lateral masses

Back 44

Irregularly shaped and thin-walled bony regions flanking the perpendicular plate laterally.

Front 45

Superior and middle nasal conchae

Back 45

Thin, delicately coiled plates of bone extending medially from the lateral masses of the ethmoid into the nasal cavity.

Front 46

Mandible

Back 46

The lower jawbone, which articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints of the skull

Front 47

Mandibular Body

Back 47

Horizontal portion; forms the chin.

Front 48

Mandibular Ramus

Back 48

Vertical extensions of the body on either side

Front 49

mandibular condyle

Back 49

Articulation point of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

Front 50

Coronoid Process

Back 50

Jutting anterior potion of the ramus; site of muscle attachment

Front 51

Mandibular angle

Back 51

posterior point at which ramus meets the body

Front 52

Mental Foramen

Back 52

Prominent opening on the body that transmits the mental blood vessels and nerve to the lower jaw

Front 53

Mandibular Foramen

Back 53

Permits passage of the nerve involved with tooth sensation

Front 54

Maxillae

Back 54

Two bones fused in a median suture; forming the upper jaw and part of the orbits. Connects to all facial bones except maxillae.

Front 55

Aveolar Margin

Back 55

Inferior margin containing sockets in which teeth lie.

Front 56

Palatine processes

Back 56

Forms the anterior hard palate; meet medially in the intermaxillary suture.

Front 57

Infraorbital foramen

Back 57

Opening under the orbit carrying the infraorbital nerves and blood vessels to the nasal region.

Front 58

Incisive fossa

Back 58

Large bilateral opening located posterior to the central incisor tooth of the maxilla and piercing the hard palate

Front 59

Lacrimal Bone

Back 59

Fingernail sized bones forming a part of the medial orbit walls between the maxilla and the ethmoid. Each is pierced by an opening the lacrimal fossa which serves as a passageway for tears.

Front 60

Palatine Bone

Back 60

Paired bones posterior to the palatine processes; form posterior hard palate and part of the orbit

Front 61

Zygomatic Bone

Back 61

Lateral to the maxilla; forms the portion of the face commonly called the cheekbone and forms part of the lateral orbit.

Front 62

Nasal Bone

Back 62

Small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose

Front 63

Vomer

Back 63

Blade-shaped bone in median plane of nasal cavity that forms the posterior and inferior nasal septum

Front 64

Inferior Nasal Conchae

Back 64

Thin curved bones protruding medially form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; serve the same purpose as the turbinate portions of the ethmoid bone

Front 65

Paranasal Sinuses

Back 65

The sinuses are found in four bones; Maxillary, Sphenoid, Ethmoid and Frontal

Front 66

Hyoid Bone

Back 66

Bone in the neck that is not really considered a skull bone.

Front 67

Body

Back 67

Rounded central potion of the vertebra, which faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column

Front 68

Vertebral Arch

Back 68

Composed of pedicles, laminae and spinous process

Front 69

Vertebral foramen

Back 69

Opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch

Front 70

Transverse Process

Back 70

Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

Front 71

Spinous Process

Back 71

Single medial and posterior projection from the vertebral arch

Front 72

Superior and Inferior Articular Processes

Back 72

Paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable articulation with adjacent vertebrae.

Front 73

Intervertebral foramina

Back 73

Creates openings for the spinal nerves to leave

Front 74

Sacrum

Back 74

Composite bone formed from the fusion of 5 vertebrae

Front 75

Median sacral crest

Back 75

A remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae

Front 76

Alae

Back 76

Winglike process that articulate laterally with the hip bones

Front 77

Sacral foramina

Back 77

Foramen on the sacrum that allow passage of nerves and blood vessels

Front 78

Sacral Hiatus

Back 78

Large opening on the posterior of the sacrum

Front 79

Coccyx

Back 79

The human tailbone formed by 3-5 fused vertebrae

Front 80

Sternum

Back 80

The breastbone composed of the fussion of three bones; manubrium, body, and xiphoid processes

Front 81

Manubrium

Back 81

Looks like the knot of a tie and articulates with the clavicle

Front 82

Body

Back 82

Forms the bulk of the sternum

Front 83

Xiphoid Process

Back 83

Composes the inferior end of the sternum.

Front 84

Jugular Notch

Back 84

Superior landmark of the sternum

Front 85

Sternal Angle

Back 85

Landmark formed from the fussion of the manubrium and body of the sternum

Front 86

Xiphisternal Joint

Back 86

Lankmark were the body and xiphoid process articulate on the sternum.