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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Axial Skeleton
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Those bones that form the body's longitudinal axis. These include the skull, the vertebral column, and the bony thorax.
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Bones of the girdles and limbs of the body.
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Bone Markings
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Bones that are not featureless and smooth but are scarred with an array of bumps, holes, and ridges.
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2 Categories of Bone Markings
Projections and Depressions |
Projections - processes tht grow out from the bone and serve as sites of muscle attachments or help form joints.
Depressions - cavities, indentations or openings in the bone that serve as passageways for nerves and blood vessels. |
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Projections for Muscle/Ligament Attachment
Tuberosity |
Large, rounded projection; may be roughened.
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Projections for Muscle/Ligament Attachment
Crest |
Narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent.
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Projections for Muscle/Ligament Attachment
Trochanter |
Very large, bloung, irregularly shaped process. The only examples are the femur.
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Projections for Muscle/Ligament Attachment
Line |
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest.
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Projections for Muscle/Ligament Attachment
Tubercle |
Small rounded projection or process.
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Projections for Muscle/Ligament Attachment
Epicondyle |
Raised area on or above a condyle.
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Projections for Muscle/Ligament Attachment
Spine |
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection. (i.e. spinous process at the end of a vertebra)
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Projections for Muscle/Ligament Attachment
Ramus |
Armlike bar of bone. (i.e. on the long part of the mandible/jawbone)
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Projections to Help Form Joints
Head |
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck. (i.e. where a rib would connect to the sternum)
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Projections to Help Form Joints
Facet |
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface.
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Projections to Help Form Joints
Condyle |
Rounded articular projection. (i.e. at the end of the mandible where it connects to the maxilla.)
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Depressions/openings for blood vessels/nerves
Meatus |
Canal-like passageway.
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Depressions/openings for blood vessels/nerves
Sinus |
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane. (i.e. ethmoid sinus)
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Depressions/openings for blood vessels/nerves
Fossa |
Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articualr surface. (i.e. inside occipital bone)
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Depressions/openings for blood vessels/nerves
Groove |
Slitlike furrow (i.e. in jawbone)
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Depressions/openings for blood vessels/nerves
Fissure |
Narrow slitlike opening. (i.e. inferior orbital fissure)
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Depressions/openings for blood vessels/nerves
Foramen |
Round or oval opening through bone (i.e. foramen magnum for spinal cord)
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Two basic types of osseous tissue:
Compact Bone/Spongy Bone |
Compact = dense, looks smooth and homogeneous.
Spongy = composed of small trabeculae (needlelike bars) of bone and lots of open space. |
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What are the Four Groups of Bone?
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Long, Short, Flat, Irregular
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Bone
Long Bones |
Bones that are much longer than they are wide, and generally consist of shaft with heads at either end. Long bones are mostly compact bone. (i.e. metacarpals, femur, etc.)
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Bone
Short Bones |
Typically cube shaped, containing more spongy bone than compact bone. (i.e. tarsals and carpals)
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Bone
Flat Bones |
Generally thin, with a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two waferlike layers of compact bone. (i.e. skull bones)
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Bone
Irregular bone |
Bones that are odd shaped, not falling into any of the other categories. (i.e. vertebrae).
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis |
The shaft of the long bone.
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Periosteum/Sharpey's Fibers |
The fibrous membrane that covers the long bone's surface. Many of the fibers of this membrane (Sharpey's Fibers) penetrate into the bone.
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Articular Cartilage |
Covers the epiphyseal surface of a long bone, in place of the periosteum. Composed of glassy hyaline cartilage, it provides a smooth surface to prevent friction at joint surfaces.
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Epiphyseal Plate/Epiphyseal Lines |
A think area of hyaline cartilage that provides for growth in bone length. Visible in growing bone. When long bone growth ends, these areas are replaced with bone. Their barely discernable remnants are called epiphyseal lines.
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Medullary cavity/Yellow Marrow/Red Marrow |
The central cavity of a long bone shaft, it is a storage region for adipose tissue. In infants, red marrow, involved in forming blood cells is found in these cavities. In adults, red marrow is confined to the interior of the epiphyses.
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Endosteum |
Thin delicate layer of fibrous membrane lining the inner cavity (medullary cavity) of the long bone.
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Anatomy of a Spongy Bone
Trabeculae |
Has a spiky, openwork appearance due to needlelike projections.
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Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
Central/Haversial Canal |
Runs parallel to the long axis of bone and carries blood vessels and nerves through the bony matrix.
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Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
Lacaunae / Osteocytes |
Chambers (lacunae) where mature bone cells (osteocytes) are found in living bone.
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Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
Lamellae |
Lacunae/osteocytes are found in these concentric circles around the central/haversian canals.
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Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
Osteon/Haversian System |
A central canal and all the lamellae surrounding it.
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Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
Canaliculi |
Tiny canals running from a central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and then from lamella to lamella. The canaliculi connect all the living cells of the osteon to the nutrient supply.
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Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
Perforating/Volkmann's Canals |
These canals run into the compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum, at right angles to the shaft. With the central canals, the perforating canals complete the pathway between the bone interior and its external surface.
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What two sets of bones compose the skull? What connects these bones?
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Cranial Bones, Facial Bones. All but one of the bones are connected by interlocking joints called sutures. Only mandible (lower jawbone) is attqached to the rest of the skull by a freely movable joint.
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The Cranium
The Eight Bones |
2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 frontal, 1 sphenoid, 1 ethmoid, 1 occipital
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The Cranium
Frontal Bone |
Anterior portion of cranium; forms the forehead, superior part of the orbit, and anterior part of cranial floor.
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The Cranium
Parietal Bone |
Posterior and lateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of cranium.
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The Cranium
Sagittal suture |
Midline articulation point of the two parietal bones.
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The Cranium
Temporal Bones |
Inferior to the parietal bone on lateral part of the skull. Several important markings are associated with this set of bones.
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The Cranium - Markings of Temporal Bones
Squamous Suture |
Point where the temporal bone articulates with the parietal bone.
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The Cranium - Markings of Temporal Bones
Zygomatic Process |
A bridgelike projection that joins the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) anteriorly. Together these two bones form the zygomatic arch.
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The Cranium - Markings of Temporal Bones
Extermal Acoustic Meatus |
Canal leading to eardrum.
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The Cranium - Markings of Temporal Bones
Styloid Process |
Stylo = stake/pointed object. Needle-like projection inferior to external auditory meatus that serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments of the neck. This process is often broken off demonstration skulls.
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The Cranium - Markings of Temporal Bones
Mastoid Process |
Rough projection inferior and posterior to external auditory meatus; an attachment site for muscles.
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The Cranium - Markings of Temporal Bones
Jugular Foramen |
Opening medial to styloid process through which the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves pass.
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The Cranium - Markings of Temporal Bones
Carotid Canal |
Opening medial to the styloid process that allows the internal carotid artery to enter the cranial cavity.
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The Cranium - Markings of Temporal Bones
Internal Acoustic Meatus |
Opening on posterior aspect of temporal bone allowing cranial nerves to pass.
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The Cranium
Occipital Bone |
Most posterior bone of the cranium. Forms the flor and back wall. Joins the sphenoid bone anteriorly.
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The Cranium - Markings of Occipital Bone
Lambdoid Suture |
Point of articulation of occipital bone and parietal bones.
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The Cranium - Markings of Occipital Bone
Foramen Magnum |
Large opening in the base of occipital that allows the psinal cord to join with the brain.
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The Cranium - Markings of Occipital Bone
Occipital Condyles |
Rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlas).
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The Cranium
Sphenoid Bone |
Bat-shaped bone forming a plateau across the width of the skull. The sphenoid bone can be seen in its entire width if the top of the cranium is removed.
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The Cranium - Markings of Sphenoid Bone
Greater Wings |
Portions of the sphenoid seen exteriorly on the lateral aspect of the skull, anterior to the temporal bones. Form part of the orbits of the eyes.
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The Cranium - Markings of Sphenoid Bone
Sella Turcica |
"Turks Saddle", a saddle-shaped region in the sphenoid mideline which nearly encloses the pituitary gland in a living person.
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The Cranium - Markings of Sphenoid Bone
Lesser Wings |
Bat-shaped portions of the sphenoid anterior to the sella turcica.
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The Cranium - Markings of Sphenoid Bone
Foramen Ovale |
Opening posterior to the sella turcica that allows a branch of cranial nerve V to pass.
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The Cranium - Markings of Sphenoid Bone
Optic Canal |
Allows the optic nerve (Cranial Nerve II) to pass.
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The Cranium - Markings of Sphenoid Bone
Superior Orbital Fissure |
Transmits cranial nerves III, IV, and VI to the eye.
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The Cranium
Ethmoid Bone |
Irregularly shaped bone anterior to the sphenoid. Forms roof of the nasal cavity, upper nasal septum, and part of the medial orbit walls.
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The Cranium - Markings of Ethmoid Bone
Crista Galli |
"Cock's Comb", Vertical projection to which the dura mater (outermost membrane covering of the brain) attaches.
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The Cranium - Markings of Ethmoid Bone
Cribriform Plates |
Bony plates lateral to the crista galli through whic olfactory fibers pass to the brain from the nasal mucosa.
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The Cranium - Markings of Ethmoid Bone
Superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates) |
Thin, delicately coiled plates of bone extending medially from the ethmoid into the nasal cavity. The conchae increase the surface area of the mucosa that covers them, thus increasing the mucosa's ability to warm and humidify incoming air.
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What is the purpose of Facial Bones?
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They form the base for the muscles of the face which allow us to show emotion and chew food.
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How many bones are in the face? Of these, how many are paired?
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14 bones in the face, 12 of these are paired. Only the mandible and vomer are singular. The hyoid is not technically a facial bone.
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What are the 14 bones of the face?
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1 Mandible, 1 Vomer, 2 Maxillae, 2 Palatine, 2 Zygomatic, 2 Lacrimal, 2 Nasal, 2 Inferior Nasal Conchae (turbinates)
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Facial Bones
Mandible |
The lower jawbone; articulates with the the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints of the skull.
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Facial Bones - Markings of Mandible
Body |
Horizontal portion of jawbone, forms the chin.
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Facial Bones - Markings of Mandible
Ramus |
Vertical armlike extensions of jawbone's body on either side.
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Facial Bones - Markings of Mandible
Alveolar Margin |
Superior margin of mandible, contains sockets for the lower teeth.
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Facial Bones
Maxillae |
Two bones fused in a median suture; form the upper jawbone and part of the orbits. All facial bones, except the mandible, join the maxillae. Thus, they are the main, or keystone, bones of the face.
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Facial Bones - Markings of Maxillae
Alveolar margin |
Inferior margin of the maxillae, containing sokets (alveoli) in which teeth lie.
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Facial Bones - Markings of Maxillae
Palatine Process |
Form the anterior hard palate.
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Facial Bones
Palatine |
Paired bones posterior to the palatine processes; form the posterior hard palate and part of the orbit.
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Facial Bones
Zygomatic |
Lateral to the maxilla; paired bones that form the part of the face commonly called the cheekbone, and part of the lateral orbit.
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Facial Bones
Lacrimal |
Fingernail-sized paired bones forming a part of the medial orbit walls between the maxilla and the ethmoid. Each lacrimal bone has an opening that serves as a passageway for tears (lacrima means "tear").
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Facial Bones
Nasal |
Small paired rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose.
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Facial Bones
Vomer |
"Plow" Blade shaped (singular) bone in median plane of nasal cavity that forms most of the nasal septum.
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Facial Bones
Inferior Nasal Conchae (turbinates) |
Thin curved paired bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; serve the same purpose as the nasal conchae of the etnhoid bone (increase surface area of the mucosa covering them, increasing their ability to warm and humidify incoming air).
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Hyoid Bone
Horseshoe with Horns (cornua) |
Not really considered or counted as a skull or facial bone; located in the throat above the larynx; point of attachment for many tongue and neck muscles; horseshoe shaped with body and two pairs of horns or cornua (greater and lesser horns).
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Four Skull Bones that Contain Paranasal Sinuses
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Maxillary, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Frontal
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Paranasal Sinuses
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Sinuses (muscosa-lined air cavities) which lead into the nasal passages. Found in maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal.
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What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses?
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They lighten the facial bones and may act as resonance chambers for speech.
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What is the largest of the paranasal sinuses?
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The maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses.
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Fetal Skull
Fontanels |
Fibrous membranes between the bones of the fetal skull that allow it to be compressed slightly during birth and let the brain grow during late fetal life. They become bony (ossify) as infant ages. Complete by 20-22 months.
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Name four Fontanels
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Anterior, Posterior, Sphenoidal, Mastoid
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Vertebral Column
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Also called spine, extends from skull to pelvis, forms body's major axial support. Surrounds/protects delicate spinal cord.
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How many bones are in the vertebral column?
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24 single bones (vertebrae) and 2 fused bones (sacrum and coccyx).
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How many cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, and lumbar vertebrae?
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Think "breakfast, lunch, dinner." 7 - cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar.
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Intervertebral Discs
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The individual vertebrae are separated by these pads of fibrocartilage. They absorb shocks while providing the spine flexibility. Each has 2 major regions, a central gelatinous region (fluid) and outer ring of tough collagen fibers (for stabilization).
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Sacrum
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5 fused vertebrae, right under the 5 lumbar vertebrae.
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Coccyx
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4 fused vertebrae right under the sacrum (5 fused vertebrae).
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What is the curvature of the cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, and sacral spine (convex or concave)?
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Cervical (C1-C7) is concave
Thoracic (T1-T12) is convex Lumbar (L1-L5) is concave Sacrum (5 fused) is convex |
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What is the advantage to the body of an S-shaped spine?
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The discs and s-shaped or springlike construction of the spine help prevent shock to the head (walking/running) and make the body trunk flexible.
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Scoliosis
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S curvature of the spine.
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Kyphosis
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Also called dowager's hump. A hump in the spine, head thrust forward.
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Lordosis
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A thrusting forward of the bottom of the spine, belly hanging forward.
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Structure of Typical Vertebrae
Body or Centrum |
Rounded central portion of the vertebra; faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column.
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Structure of Typical Vertebrae
Vertebral Arch |
Composed of pedicles, laminae, and a spinous process, it represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body.
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Structure of Typical Vertebrae
Vertebral Foramen |
Opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes.
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Structure of Typical Vertebrae
Transverse processes |
Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch.
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Structure of Typical Vertebrae
Spinous Process |
Single posterior projection fro the vertebral arch.
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Structure of Typical Vertebrae
Superior and Inferior Articular Processes |
Paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen that enable adjacent vertebrae to articulate with one another.
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Cervical Vertebrae
Distinguishing Characteristics |
7 (C1-C7) form the neck portion of the vertebral column. The first two (atlas and axis) are modified for special functions.
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Cervical Vertebrae
Distinguishing Characteristics Atlas - C1 |
The first cervical vertebrae, the axis, lacks a body and its lateral processes contain large depressions on their superior surfaces that receive the occipital condyles of the skull. Helps you nod "YES".
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Cervical Vertebrae
Distinguishing Characteristics Axis - C2 |
Acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas (and skull) above. Large vertical process, the Dens or odontoid process, acts as the pivot point. The joint between C1 and C2 lets you shake your head "NO".
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Cervical Vertebrae
Distinguishing Characteristics Vertebra Prominens |
The especially prominent spinous process of C7.
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Thoracic Vertebrae
Distinguishing Characteristics Body and Costal Demifacets |
12 (T1-T12) have larger body than cervical vertebrae. Body somewhat heart shaped with 2 small articulating surfaces (costal demifacets) on each side (1 superior, 1 inferior) that articulate with heads of corresponding ribs.
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Thoracic Vertebrae
Distinguishing Characteristics Vertebral Formaen Spinous Processes |
Vertebral foramen = oval or round; spinous proess = long with sharp downward hook.
These vertebrae form the thoracic part of teh spoine and the posterior aspect of the bony thoracic cage (rib cage). The only vertebrae that articulate with ribs. |
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Lumbar Vertebrae
Distinguishing Characteristics |
5 (L1-L5) have massive blocklike bodies, short thick hatchet-shaped spinous processes extending directly backward. Sturdiest (because lumbar subjected to most stress).
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Sacrum
Distinguishing Characteristics |
Formed from fusion of 5 vertebrae; posterior border of pelvis; superiorly, articulates with L5; inferiorly, connects with coccyx.
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Sacrum
Distinguishing Characteristics Median Sacral Crest/Ala(e)/Sacral Canal/Sacral Hiatus |
Remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae. The winglike Alae articulate laterally with hip bones, forming the sacroiliac joints. Vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum as the sacral canal and terminates near the coccyx in the sacral hiatus.
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Coccyx
Distinguishing Characteristics |
Results from the fusion of 3 to 5 small, irregularly shaped vertebrae. Literally the human tailbone. Remnant of the tail that other vertebrates have.
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Bony Thorax or Thoracic Cage
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Composed of sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae. Rib cage. Forms protective cone-shaped enclosure around organs of the thoracic cavity (i.e. heart, lungs)
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Bony Thorax - Sternum
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The breastbone; typical flat bone, result of fusion of 3 bones (manubrium, body, xiphoid process). Attached to first 7 pairs of ribs.
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Bony Thorax - Sternum
Distinguishing Features Manubrium |
Superior bone of Sternum, looks like knot of a tie. Articulates with clavicle (collarbone) laterally.
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Bony Thorax - Sternum
Distinguishing Features Body |
Middle bone of Sternum (inferior to manubrium, superior to xiphoid process), this bone forms most of the sternum.
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Bony Thorax - Sternum
Distinguishing Features Xiphoid Process |
Bone at the inferior end of the sternum, lies at the level of the fifth intercostal space.
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Bony Thorax - Ribs
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Twelve pairs of ribs. All articulate posteriorly with the vertebral column and then curve downward toward anterior body surface.
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Bony Thorax - Ribs
True Ribs |
The first seven of the 12 pairs of ribs, they attach directly to the sternum by their "own" costal cartilages.
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Bony Thorax - Ribs
False Ribs |
The second five pairs of ribs (inferior to true ribs). The superior thre, numbers 8-10, have indirect cartilage attachment to sternum. The last two pairs, called "floating ribs", have no sternal attachment.
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