A group of three proteins known as the ‘prepriming complex’ are responsible for unwinding the double helix and keeping it separated. The first step is carried out by the DnaA protein. It binds to the origin nucleotides resulting in an AT rich region. The AT rich region sparks the separation of the double strand into single strands of DNA, the ATP dependent process of melting. DNA helicases are responsible for unwinding the helical structure of DNA.…
Nucleotide: a nucleic acid monomer, consisting of five carbon sugar covalently bonded to nitrogenous base and phosphate group. DNA “backbone” : chain nucleotide made of sugar and phosphate group that are joined together by covalent bond and are resistant to cleavage Antiparallel: the 2 strands of DNA double helix that run in opposite directions of each other Reactive chemical group at the 5’ end of DNA: phosphate group Reactive chemical group at the 3’ end of DNA : hydroxyl group The four DNA nucleobases thymine (T), adenine (A), Cytosine (C) and guanine (G) , Complementary base pairing adenine and thymine pair (A-T) and guanine and cytosine pair (G-C) Melting temperature: temperature needed to break 50% of the hydrogen bonds Chromatin:…
All together it’s called a nucleotide. A nucleotides are set in two long strands creating a spiral effect called (double helix). The structure of that double helix looks like a ladder, with the base pairs making the ladder’s handles and steps, and the sugar, phosphate molecules creating the sides of the ladder. An important part of DNA is that it can replicate, (make clones of itself).…
The name “GATTACA” is composed entirely of the letters found in the biological macromolecule DNA. DNA is made up of four letters: G (Guanine), A (Adenine), T (Thymine), and C (Cytosine). The letters are arranged in the molecule in a very specific way, with A only reacting with T (and vice versa) and G only reacting with C (and vice versa). The biological structure in Jerome’s apartment resembles a DNA strand, also known as a double helix.…
These ribosomes move through the mRNA to generate new subunits of proteins. tRNA and mRNA sequences interact through codons and anticodons and tRNA is what brings amino acids for the use of the ribosomes in translation; therefore, amono acids continue to be made as long as there is availability of resources until a stop codon is hit which is what stops the translation. Different types of amino acids are made for different things; therefore, naturally, these types of amino acids must be made through the process of translation. Through the use of a simple chart of genetic code triplets, it is possible to find out which coding sequences of mRNA correspond to which amino acids; therefore, it is easy to see the outcome of translation without actually diving into genes. Sixty four total codons exist that correspond to polypetides and…
1. DNA Structure and Function DNA is the type of organic compound that stores the genetic information in a living organism. DNA is made up of two strands of nucleotides, which include a phosphate group, five carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Each individual strand in held together by strong covalent bonds (a bond formed as a result of the distribution of electrons between atoms). The two strands are then joined to each other by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.…
However, the usage of some synonymous codons generated by these base substitutions significantly differed compared to the consensus ones of Variant B: TCT1260 (relative synonymous codon usage value [RSCU], 0.81) vs. TCC1260 (1.50) vs. TCG1260 (0.66) for Ser; CCG1311 (0.50) vs.CCA1311 (1.12) for Pro (fig. 2 and 3C; Tang et al. 2007). Of the three downstream bases that were clonally mutated in the lineage A-V sequences, the first two bases comprised Leu (T1346TA) and Thr (AC1353C) codons of gag, as well as Phe (TT1346T) and His (CAC1353) codons of rt, in Variant B (fig. 1). The Leu TTA codon had the lowest frequency among the six synonymous codons (RSCU, 0.55), whereas ACC was the most frequent one for Thr (1.36). The TG1346T (1.14) in the prominent active lineage of Variant A (lineage A-V) was the more frequent codon than its synonymous counterpart to encode Cys. Therefore, considering the positions of the CHCC Gag-motif codons and the hungry Leu codon (fig.…
2. The DNA sequence is: 5’-ATTCGACC-3’. What will be the sequence of the complementary strand using this strand as the template? The complementary strand would be TAAGCTGG.…
Base Pairing Since there are 4 bases in 3-letter combinations, there are 64 possible codons (43 combinations). RNA transcription follows base pairing rules. The enzyme makes the complementary strand by finding the correct base through complementary base pairing, and bonding it onto the original strand.…
In April 26, 1932, Dr. Michael Smith was a British-born in black pool England and studied to become a great Canadian Biochemist. Here's Some of his child hood he does not remember a lot Though but he does remember one time. When He was seven World War II broke out his parents were not home and bombs fell on either side of their house, barely missing him. He said"that was the scariest moment in his child hood by far.…
My protein synthesis analogy is a softball team. My analogy is about the softball team playing defense (in the field) not offense (up to bat). The nucleus is the dugout because the coach is in it and the players exit and enter it. The DNA is the coach because he makes all the plays and decides the lineup, or everyone’s position in the field. The mRNA is the catcher, who receives the signal from the coach and sends it to the pitcher and the other fielders.…
Every single living cell in our bodies contains a complex blueprint, a design, a recipe, for how to create a duplicate This blueprint is contained in a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). This DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder, with each rung consisting of two elements. Scientists represents these elements as A, C, T, and G. So, a rung of the ladder will consist of a combination of two of these, such as AC, TG, TA, etc.…
The 2009 Nobel prize for Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Drs Elizabeth Blackburn, Jack Szostak and Carol Greider for their discovery of telomeres and telomerases; but what are they and why did the Nobel prize committee find their discovery so important? Drs ezilabeth Blackburn, Jack Szostak and Carol Greiders discovery of telomeres and telomerases can be considered as one of the key milestones in our understanding of DNA replication in eukaryotes as they helped us figure out how the ends of linear chromosomes are replicated. There discovery of telomeres and telomerase did not only fil A DNA molecule is made up of two strands of polynucleotides which can be described as anti-parallel meaning one strand is moving from a 3’ to 5’ direction…
A nucleic acid is a polymer that is made up of smaller units called nucleotides. These nucleotides play a significant role in creating important structures found in our body such as deoxyribonucleic acid, more commonly referred to as DNA, and ribonucleic acid or RNA. (Erster, Lecture 4 Chapter 5) Ribonucleic acid is then categorized into two types of RNA: mRNA and tRNA (there are other types but the ones mainly discussed in protein synthesis only involved these two). The DNA and RNA are partners that work together to make protein in protein synthesis. DNA is like the instruction manual to making the protein.…
These bases have a basic pattern when forming DNA. Adenine will only join to Thymine when in DNA and Cytosine will only join to Guanine when in DNA. These bases are bonded by hydrogen bonds. Each base has a start an end in each sequence of the DNA structure. The strands of DNA are only separated in DNA replication.…