Yet, because police officers are empowered and trained by the state, prepared for violence, and denied the choice of retreat, their uses of force are also unlike self-defense, the paradigmatic form of justified individual violence. Neither purely of the state nor of the individual, police violence has remained confusing and dangerously unclear to juries, judges, and the public precisely because of its dual character. Although the factual contexts in which police uses of force arise make incidents of force inevitably complex and difficult to assess, understanding the unique character of police violence clarifies its proper scope and limits. (Harmon …show more content…
Police must try to balance responsiveness to the law, responsiveness to electoral institutions, and responsiveness to the public with the demands of keeping the peace. The impact of “law and order” candidates on both the law and the executive direction of bureaucratic agencies, such as police departments, has been tremendously influential on the history of police brutality. For example, President Richard M. Nixon’s White House chief of staff H. R. Haldeman once noted that “President Nixon emphasized that you have to face the fact that the whole problem is really the blacks. The key is to devise a system that recognizes this without appearing to.” Given the rampant criminality of the Nixon administration itself, political leadership lacking credible commitments to the public perpetuate institutional legacies that define classes of people who are deemed unworthy of protection by the