Nbde Microbiology/pathology Fungi

Front 1

What are the pathogenic members of the keratinophilic soil fungi, in which microsporum and trichophyton, and epidermophyton are a part of?

Back 1

Dermatophytes

Front 2

How does infection from fungi occur?

Back 2

Contact with arthospores or conida

Front 3

Asexual spores formed in the hyphae of the parasitic stage

Back 3

Arthrospores

Front 4

Sexual or asexual spores formed in the "free living" environmental stage

Back 4

Conidia

Front 5

How does infection from dermatophytes begin?

Back 5

Through growing hairs or stratum corneum of the skin since resting versions do not have the needed nutrients for growth

Front 6

In regards to the spread of fungi; _____ spread in the hairs and keratinized skin, eventually developing _____ _____

Back 6

Hyphae
Infectious arthrospores

Front 7

What are dermatophyte infections referred to in humans?

Back 7

Tinea infections and are classified by area involved

Front 8

Most often seen in children, A dermatophyte infection of the hair and scalp.

Back 8

Tinea capitis

Front 9

Also known as ringworm a dermatophyte that occurs on the trunk, extremities and face

Back 9

Tinea corporis

Front 10

A dermatophyte infection of the hairs and skin in the beard and mustache area, and is usually seen in men

Back 10

Tinea barbae

Front 11

A dermatophyte that is seen on the nonbearded parts of the face

Back 11

Tinea faciei

Front 12

A dermatophyte infection of the groin, commonly called jock itch

Back 12

Tinea Cruris

Front 13

A dermatophyte infection of the foot (athletes foot)

Back 13

Tinea pedis

Front 14

A dermatophyte infection of one or, occasionally, both hands

Back 14

Tinea magnum

Front 15

A dermatophyte infection of the nail

Back 15

Tinea Unguium

Front 16

What is the most anti-mycotic (anti-fungal) agent?

Back 16

Griseofulvin
Must be taken in pill form

Front 17

What are some common characteristics which distinguish fungi?

Back 17

Eukaryotic
Complex cell wall
All forms are gram-positive
Grows in Sabouraud's medium
Contains both DNA and RNA

Front 18

What are the two types of fungi?

Back 18

Yeasts
Molds

Front 19

What is the fungi that grows as a single cells that reproduce by asexually budding

Back 19

Yeasts

Front 20

What is the fungi with long filaments (hyphae) which form a mat-like structure that is referred to as _____

Back 20

Molds
Mycelium

Front 21

A characteristic of some fungi, meaning that they form different structures at different temperatures. Exists as molds in the free-living state at ambient temperatures and as yeasts in host tissues at body temperature.

Back 21

Dimorphism

Front 22

What are the major dimorphic pathogens?

Back 22

Blastomyces
Histoplasma
Coccidioides
Candida

Front 23

How do most fungi reproduce?

Back 23

Asexually by forming conidia (asexual spores)from the sides of specialized structures called conidiophores.
Conidia help in the identification of fungi

Front 24

Some fungi reproduce sexually by mating and forming _____ _____.

Back 24

Sexual spores

Front 25

What are some examples of Sexual fungal spores?

Back 25

Zygospores
Blastospores
Basidiospores

Front 26

All fungi except for those belonging to the class _____, are septated.

Back 26

Zygomycetes

Front 27

What does the cell walls of most fungi contain?

Back 27

Chitin and beta-1:3-linked glucan

Front 28

What resides in the fungal membrane which is often the target of most antifungals?

Back 28

Sterols (ergesterol)

Front 29

What type of reaction is initiated by Fungal infections?

Back 29

Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reactions

Front 30

What is commonly formed in response to a fungal infection?

Back 30

Granulomas

Front 31

Unlike bacterial spores, most fungal spores are completely killed when heated at ______ for _____

Back 31

80 C
30 minutes

Front 32

The form that fungi takes that allows them to survive extreme environmental conditions, and may also play a role in the transmission of fungal infections.

Back 32

Spore-producing fungi

Front 33

What are some examples of asexual fungal spores (conidia)?

Back 33

Arthrospores
Chlamydospores
Blastospores
Sporangiospores

Front 34

A type of spore formed by fragmentation of the ends of hyphae; and are the mode of transmission of Coccidioides immitis

Back 34

Arthrospores

Front 35

A type of spore that is thick-walled and quite resistant to environmentalchanges; characteristic of Candida albicans

Back 35

Chlamydospores

Front 36

A type of spore formed by budding, as in yeasts; multiple buds are called pseudohyphae (characteristic of C. albicans also)

Back 36

Blastospores

Front 37

A type of spore formed within a sac on a stalk by molds such as Rhizopus and Mucor

Back 37

Sporangiospores

Front 38

What is a large sexual spore with thick walls?

Back 38

Zygospores

Front 39

What is a sexual spore formed in sacs which are called an ascus

Back 39

Ascospores

Front 40

What is a sexual spore formed externally on the tip of a pedestal called basidium?

Back 40

Basidiospores

Front 41

Coccidioidomycosis first infects a person's what?

Back 41

Lungs

Front 42

An infectious disease caused by inhaling spores of a fungus called _____ _____. The disease starts out as a respiratory illness and may progress to a persistent infection.

Back 42

Coccidiodomycosis
Coccidioides immitis

Front 43

What is the most severe form of Coccidiodomycosis and is often fatal.

Back 43

Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis

Front 44

What is Coccidioidomycosis also referred to?

Back 44

Valley fever or San Joaquin Fever

Front 45

What are the anti-fungal medications used to treat Coccidioidomycosis?

Back 45

Amphotericin B
Fluconazole
Ketoconazole
Itraconazole

Front 46

Disease caused by a fungus, _____ _____, which is found in parts of the south-central, south-eastern and mid-western United States. The infection is spread by inhalation of airborne conidia (spores) after disturbance of contaminated soil.

Back 46

Blastomycosis
Blastomyces Dermatitidis

Front 47

What are some other names for Blastomycosis?

Back 47

Gilchrist's disease or North American blastomycosis

Front 48

True/False:
Blastomycosis is known to be transmitted from person to person.

Back 48

False it is not known to travel from person to person

Front 49

What is used in the treatment of Blastomycosis with mild to moderate symptoms?

Back 49

Itraconazole

Front 50

A disease caused by the fungus _____ _____, which is found throughout the world and is endemic in Ohio and Mississippi river valleys.

Back 50

Histoplasmosis
Histoplasma capsulatum

Front 51

Although it is usually asymptomatic what can Histoplasmosis cause?

Back 51

Granulometous, tuberculosis-like infection which frequently causes pulmonary nodules

Front 52

What are the antifungal medications for Histoplasmosis?

Back 52

Amphotericin B
Fluconazole
Itraconazole

Front 53

In infected tissues, yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum are found within _____.

Back 53

Macrophages

Front 54

What does Histoplasmosis resemble both clinically and pathologically?

Back 54

TB

Front 55

What does Histoplasma capsulatum produce?

Back 55

Chlamydospores

Front 56

What types fungal diseases are rarely acquired from another individual?

Back 56

Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis

Front 57

What type of fungi are poorly controlled diabetics likely to acquire?

Back 57

Mucormycosis

Front 58

A rare but often fatal disease caused by certain fungi. Sometimes called zygomycosis or phycomycosis. They are not dimorphic, and are morphalogically characterized by the lack of septa in their hyphae.

Back 58

Mucormycosis

Front 59

In what type of patients does Mucormycosis develop?

Back 59

Those with weakened immune systems, diabetes, kidney failure, organ transplants, or chemotherapy for cancer.

Front 60

What can possibly develop in patients receiving an iron chelating drug called desferrioxamine (Desferal) as treatment for acute iron poisoning?

Back 60

Murcormycosis

Front 61

What are the syndromes associated with Murcormycosis?

Back 61

Rhinocerebral infection (infection of the brain and sinuses)
- start as sinus infection
- moves to inflammation of CN's
- Cause blood clots that block brain

Front 62

What are the other opportunistic fungi that normally fail to induce disease in most normal persons but may do so in people with severely suppressed immune systems are.

Back 62

Cryptococcus
Aspergillus
Candida

Front 63

An oval, budding yeast and is not dimorphic. more common than other fungal infections, and is severe only in people with underlying immune system disorders, such as AIDS. May spread esp. to the meninges, where the resulting disease is _____ _____.

Back 63

Cryptococcus neoformans which causes Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcal meningitis

Front 64

Causes an aspergilloma (fungus ball) in the lungs and _____. Exists only as molds and are not dimorphic. They cause pulmonary infections in people who have AIDS or have undergone organ transplant.

Back 64

Aspergillus es. A. fumigatus
Aspergillosis

Front 65

What is the most important species of candida?

Back 65

Candida Albicans

Front 66

Disease that causes thrush, vaginitis, and other diseases. It is an oval yeast with a single bud. Those with overgrowth that have impaired host defenses produce _____.

Back 66

Candida Albicans
Candidiasis

Front 67

Aflatoxins are naturally occuring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of...

Back 67

Aspergillus

Front 68

What are the best known and most intensively researched mycotoxins in the world?

Back 68

Aflatoxins

Front 69

What kind of toxins are Aflatoxin?
What produces it?

Back 69

They are hepato-carcinogen toxins
Aspergillus flavus.

Front 70

What do aflatoxins cause?

Back 70

- Liver Damage
- Tumors in animals
- Suspected of causing hepatic carcinoma in humans

Front 71

What do aflatoxins do?

Back 71

Toxin binds to DNA and prevents transcription of genetic information

Front 72

What is Aspergillosis most commonly caused by?

Back 72

A. fumigatus
A. niger
A. flavus

Front 73

How does Aspergillosis begin?

Back 73

When susceptible people inhale mold spores into their lungs, causing three forms of infection

Front 74

What are the three forms of infection caused by Aspergillosis?

Back 74

1.Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
2. Aspergilloma
3. Invasive aspergillosis

Front 75

What infection caused by Aspergillosis is characterized by the formation of bronchial mucous plugs?

Back 75

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Front 76

What infection caused by Aspergillosis is characterized by the formation of "fungus balls" in lung cavities without invasion?

Back 76

Aspergilloma

Front 77

What infection caused by Aspergillosis is characterized when the infection spreads beyond the lungs to the other organs. even when treated early, it is often fatal.

Back 77

Invasive aspergillosis

Front 78

Infections which are a result of treatment in a hospital or healthcare service unit, but secondary to the patients original condition

Back 78

Nosocomial Infections

Front 79

When are infections considered nosocomial?

Back 79

If they first appear 48 hours or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge.

Front 80

What are common causes of Nosocomial infection?

Back 80

- E. coli
- Staph Aureus and S. Epidermis
- S. faecalis
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Enterobacter sp.
- Candida sp.