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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the factors in the body that can accumulate endogenous pigments?
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Melanin
Bilirubin Hemosiderin |
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What endogenous pigment is formed from tyrosine; and synthesized in melanocytes?
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Melanin
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What disease shows an increase in Melanin pigment?
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Addison's Disease
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What disease shows a lack of Melanin pigment?
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Albinism and Vitiligo
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What is the catabolic product of the heme moiety of hemoblobin?
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Bilirubin
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What does Bilirubin produce when it accumulates in blood and organs?
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Jaundice
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What is most often the cause of Jaundice?
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Hemolytic Anemia
Biliary Obstruction Hepatocellular Disease |
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What is an insoluble, iron containing protein derived from ferritin?
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Hemosiderin
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Where does hemosiderin most often occur?
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Sm amt. in macrophages of marrow
Liver, and spleen |
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Disease that occurs when hemosiderin builds up in tissue macrophages. Usually doesn't cause tissue or organ damage, and is often associated with Thalassemia major.
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Hemosiderosis
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What is also known as the bronze disease and is more extensive accumulation of herosiderin throughout the body. There is tissue and organ damage.
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Hemochromatosis
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What is the prevalence of Hemochromatosis?
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Most often a hereditary disorder in men over 40
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What does gouty arthritis most commonly affect anatomically?
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Big Toe
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Inherited disorder of purine metabolism occurring predominately in men.
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Gout
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What is the disease that is caused by a defect in metabolism that results in an overproduction of uric acid, or a reduced ability of the kidney to eliminate uric acid?
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Gout
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What do 25% of people with Gout commonly develop?
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Kidney Stones
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What is the exact cause of Gout?
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Unknown
May be linked to: - Diabetes - Obesity - Sickle Cell Anemia - Kidney Disease |
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Gout is characterized by the deposition of _____ _____ _____ in joints and other tissues as a result of _____.
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Monosodium Urate Crystals
Hyperuricemia |
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What is the acute gouty arthritis of the big toe known as?
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Podagra
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What are the bouts of gout characterized as?
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Variable
Days to weeks apart 1 joint to many joints later |
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What are the symptoms of Gout?
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Sharp pain on joint movement
Tense hot skin Shiny and red or purple |
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The most common form of the disease, which has hyperuricemia without evident cause, most common in middle-aged men, and has a marked familial predisposition
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Primary gout
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This is the much less common form of the disease and is characterized by hyperuricemia with evident cause.
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Secondary Gout
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What are the evident causes of secondary gout?
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Leukemia
Multiple myeloma Myeloproliferative syndromes Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Psuedogout |
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Disease characterized by hyperuricemia with severe neurological manifestations
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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
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What is also known as chondrocalcinosis and is caused by calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition, which elicits an inflammatory reaction in cartilage?
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Pseudogout
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What is acute cholecystitis?
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Acute inflammation of the gallbladder
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What are 90% of the cases of acute cholecystitis caused by?
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Gallstones in the gallbladder
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What does Acute Cholecystitis cause to be trapped in the gallbladded, which creates irritation and pressure in the gallbladded and can lead to bacterial infection and perforation of the organ?
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Bile
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What is the thickening of the gallbladder wall which occurs as a result of extensive fibrosis, and is frequently complicated by gallstones?
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Chronic cholecystitis
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What is also known as cholelithiasis and occurs more commonly in women than men and can be associated with obesity and multiple pregnancies.
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Gallstones
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Stones that are solitary and too large to enter the cystic duct or the common bile duct.
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Cholesterol Stones
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Stones which are a precipitation of excess insoluble unconjugated bilirubin and is associated often with hemolytic anemia and bacterial infection.
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Pigment Stones
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What are the most common type of stones which comprise (75-80%) and are a mixture of calcium and cholesterol salts?
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Mixed Stones
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What is characterized by small, yellow, cholesterol containing flecks that are highlighted against a red background in the lining of the gallbladder (Strawberry gallbladder)
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Cholesterolosis
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Characterized by a small, finger-like out pouchings of the gallbladder lining, may develop as a person ages. This may cause inflammation and require gallbladder removal.
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Diverticulosis of the Gallbladder
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Gallstones that block the common bile duct results in _____ _____.
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Obstructive Jaundice
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A condition of stunted body growth and impaired mental development. Symptoms appear early in infancy, and are the gradual development of a characteristic coarse, dry skin, a swollen face and tongue, umbilical hernia, and an open mouth that drools. Babies are listless, slow-moving and slow feeding.
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Cretinism
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This results from a congenital deficiency in the secretion of the hormone _____ in the thyroid.
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Cretinism
Thyroxine |
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What are the physical characteristics of Cretanism?
Skull Face Mand. Max. Eruption Long bones |
Skull - Foreshortened
Face - Wide and Short Mand. - Underdeveloped Max. - Overdeveloped Eruption (Pri./Perm.) - Delayed Long Bones - Thickened/Short |
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An under-activity of the thyroid gland in adults , that may cause a variety of symptoms and may affect all body functions. The body's normal rate of functioning slows, causing mental and physical sluggishness.
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Myxedema
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What is the prevalence of Myxedema?
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Women > Men
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What are the characteristics of Myxedema?
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Face and Eylids - Puffiness
Tongue & Larynx - Swelling Skin - Dry, Rough Hair - Sparse Poor muscle tone = Fatigue |
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What can be used to treat myxedema?
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Administration of Thyroid hormones
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The secretion of _____ and _____ is controlled by the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus, which is part of the brain.
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T3 (triiodothyronine)
T4 (thyroxine) |
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Besides defects in the thyroid gland itself how can thyroid disorders develop?
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Defects in Pituitary or hypothalamus
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Where is the majority of the metabolically active T3 formed?
By What? |
Peripheral tissues
Conversion of Secreted T4 |
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What is hematuria the presence of?
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Red Blood Cells in the urine
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What is usually the cause of blood in the Urine?
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Kidney and Urinary tract diseases
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What can be an uncommon reason for blood in the urine? (Women)
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Can actually be coming from the vagina
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What can be an uncommon reason for blood in the urine? (Men)
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Bloody ejaculation due to prostate problem
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In children what is a classic cause of blood in the urine?
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Kidney disease following strep throat
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What are some disorders in children that may cause initial bleeding in the urine?
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Hemophilia
Sickle Cell Disease Renal Vein Thrombosis Thrombocytopenias |
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The vomiting of bright red blood, indicating rapid upper GI bleeding. It is commonly associated with esophageal varices, or peptic ulcers.
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Hematemesis
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The coughing up of blood from the respiratory tract. blood streaked sputum often occurs in minor upper respiratory infections or bronchitis. patients with TB, pneumoni or bronchogenic carcinoma may also experience this.
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Hemoptysis
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What is the main symptom of hemoptysis?
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Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (Iron in the lungs)
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The presence of glucose in in the urine, and is common i diabetics.
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Glucosuria
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The presence of Ketones in the urine; produced by starvation, uncontrolled diabetes, and occasionally alcohol intoxication.
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Ketonuria
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The presence of protein in the urine; usually a sign of kidney disease.
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Proteinuria
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These occur between the dura and the arachnoid membrane, most often due to venous bleeding from the bridging subdural veins which connect the cerebral cortex to the dural sinuses.
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Subdural hematomas (SHD)
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What are subdural hematomas rarely associated with?
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Skull Fracture
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What is subdural hematoma clinically characterized by?
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Gradual signs of cerebral compression
Occurs: Hours, days, weeks after injury |
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An arterial hemorrhage between the dura and the skull, most often resulting from skull fractures and laceration of the _____ _____ Artery. Characterized clinically by a short period of consciousness followed by loss of consciousness and signs of cerebral compression.
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Epidural Hematoma (EDH)
Middle Meningeal A. |
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Commonly associated with rupture of a Berry aneurysm in the _____ _____ _____. This rupture is most likely to occur in young to middle aged adults.
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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What is characterized by a brief episode of impaired neurological function caused by a brief disturbance in cerebral circulation.
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Transient Ischemic Attack
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The immediate and temporary disturbance of brain function as manifested by dizziness, cold, perspiration, visual disturbances, and loss of consciousness.
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Brain Concussion
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An intracranial tumor arising from arachnoid, usually occurring in adults over 30 years of age.
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Meningioma
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What vitamin deficiency is associated with night blindness; squamous metaplasia in many tissues, most importantly in eyes, where blindness may result.
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Vitamin A
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What vitamin helps maintain normal body growth and heakth of specialized tissues, especially retina. Production of rhodopsin (photopigment)
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Vitamin A
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What vitamin deficiency results in Rickets in children, and osteomalacia in adults?
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Vitamin D
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What vitamin is associated with the essential formation of bone?
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Vitamin D
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What vitamin deficiency is associated with possible neurological disorders?
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Vitamin E
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What vitamin is an antioxidant?
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Vitamin E
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What vitamin deficiency is related to the tendency to hemorrhage?
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Vitamin K
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What vitamin is involved in the clotting of blood?
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Vitamin K
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This occurs when calcium and other mineral salts are deposited in a tissue or passage.
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Pathologic Calcification
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Type of calcification that occurs in degenerating and previously damaged tissues, such as areas of old trauma, TB lesions, scarred heart valves, and atherosclerotic lesions. The cause is not hypercalcemia.
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Dystrophic Calcification
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Calcification in which calcium (and other) salts are deposited in previously undamaged tissue as a result of an excess of salts in the circulating blood.
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Metastatic calcification
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What is an example of metastatic calcification which occurs in kidneys and blood vessels?
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Hyperparathyroidism
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Calcification that occurs under the skin. Scleroderma, dermatomyositis, and multiple miliary osteomas are examples.
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Calcinosis
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What is a stone within the salivary gland or duct?
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Sialolith
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Occurs as a result of precipitation of calcium and phosphate salts around a nidus of mucus or bacterial debris.
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Sialolithiasis
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Sialoliths occur as _____ or _____ stones and can cause ______ and _____.
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single
multiple swelling pain |
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Where does the pain come from in a sialolith?
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Salivary stimulation
Always worst at meal time |
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Where are most sialoliths located?
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Submandibular duct (Wharton's)
Parotid Duct (Stenson's) |
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What are the different sizes for kidney stones?
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Range from 1 cm to staghorn stonesin renal pelvis and calyces
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What vitamin plays a role in carbohydrates and amino acid intermediary metabolism?
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Vitamin B1 (thiamine pyrophosphate)
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What are the deficiencies for a B1 Vitamin?
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Wet beriberi; dry beriberi
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
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What vitamin is a component of FAD and FMN and is essential in a variety of oxidation-reduction processes?
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Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
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What are the deficiencies for B2 Vitamin?
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Cheilosis; glossitis; dermatitis
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What vitamin is a component of NAD and NADP, essential to glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and to a variety of oxidation reactions?
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Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
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What is the deficiency for B3 vitamin?
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Pellagra
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What vitamin is required for transamination, porphyrin synthesis, synthesis of niacin from tryptophan?
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Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
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What are the deficiencies for B6 Vitamin?
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Cheilosis; glossitis; dermatitis
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What vitamin is used in 1-carbon transfers required for folate synthesis and activation of FH4?
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B12 (Cobalamin)
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What are the deficiencies for B12 Vitamins?
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Megaloblastic anemia
Neurologic dysfunction |
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What vitamin is associated with 1-carbon transfers in a number of metabolic reactions?
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Folic Acid
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What are the deficiencies associated with folic acid?
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Megaloblastic anemia
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What vitamin is required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine, which are essential for collagen synthesis; hydroxylation of dopamine in synthesis of norepinephrine
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Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
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What are the deficiencies Associated with vitamin C?
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Scurvy; Defective wound healing
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What kind of infection is the most common cause of conjunctivitis?
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Adenovirus infection
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What is one of the most common and treatable eye infections in children and adults often called pink eye?
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Conjunctivitis
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What types of things can cause conjunctivitis?
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Virus
Bacteria Irritating Substance Allergens STD's |
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An eye infection caused by chlamydia trachomatis. The most common cause of preventable blindness in underdeveloped areas of the world.
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Trachoma
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Disorder due to toxicity of therapeutic oxygen, most often administered because of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Leads to blindness.
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Retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasia)
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What is a major cause of blindmess?
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Diabetic Retinopathy
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Disorder characterized by hereditary night blindness with progressive loss of central vision. Caused by early loss of rods and later loss of cones.
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Retinitis Pigmentosa
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What is a major cause of impaired vision in the elderly, and is often bilateral.
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Macular degeneration of the aged (senile macular degeneration)
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What are the two forms of Glaucoma?
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Open-Angle
Angle-closure |
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Most common form of glaucoma, characterized by gradually increasing ocular pressure, leading to visual impairment and, eventually blindness.
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Open-Angle Glaucoma
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Type of Glaucoma that is caused by narrow anterior chamber angle; increase in intraocular pressure on dilation of pupil.
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Angle-closure Glaucoma
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What is a malignant retinal tumor of childhood?
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Retinoblastoma
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What are the two enzymes that are elevated in the blood of a patient suffering from acute pancreatitis?
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Lipase
Amylase |
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Inflammation or infection of the pancreas
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Pancreatitis
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What does the pancreas secrete?
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Digestive enzymes
Insulin Glucagon |
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How is pancreatitis usually caused?
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Digestive enzymes meant for small intestine breaks down pancreas
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This form of the disease is caused by obstruction of the normal pathway of secretion of pancreatic juice into the intestine, zymogens of the proteolytic enzymes are converted into catalytically active forms prematurely.
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Acute Pancreatitis
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Where do the zymogens of the proteolytic enzymes get converted prematurely?
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Inside pancreatic cells
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What two conditions are associated with Acute Pancreatitis?
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Alcoholism
Biliary Disease |
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What are the consequences of Acute Pancreatitis?
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Enzymatic Hemorrhage fat necrosis
Calcium Formation Hypocalcemia |
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What is another name for Neurofibromatosis?
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Elephant Man's Disease
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Genetic neurological disorder that affects cell growth in nerve tissue. Produces tumors of the skin, internal organs, and nerves that may become malignant. It also can affect bones, causing severe pain and debilitation and may result in learning disabilities, behavioral dysfunction, and hearing and vision loss.
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Neurofibromatosis
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What are the distinguishing features of Neurofibromatosis?
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Multiple neurofibromas in skin/other places
Schwannomas of the VIIIth CN Cafe-au-lait spots (light brn birthmarks) Lisch Nodules (Pigmented Iris hamartomas) Skeletal Disorders |
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What kind of a disorder is neurofibromatosis?
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Autosomal Dominant Disorder
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Autosomal dominant disorder characterized by anomalies of receptors for low-density lipoprotein receptors.
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Familial Hypercholesterolemia
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Autosomal dominant disorder characterized by local telangiectases of the skin and mucus membranes and recurrent hemorrhage from these lesions. Common in Utah Mormon families.
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Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
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An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by defects in skeletal, visual, and cardiovascular structures. Patients are tall and thin with abnormally long legs and arms, spider-like fingers, and hyperextendible joints. Also has heart problems like Aorta Aneurysm, mitral valve prolapse, Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta.
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Marfan Syndrome
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What autosomal dominant disorder is characterized by numerous bilateral cysts that replace and destroy the renal parenchyma.
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Adult polycystic kidney disease
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What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in adults?
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis
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A common thyroid gland disorder that can occur at any age, but is most often seen in middle aged women, and is caused by a reaction of the immune system against the thyroid gland.
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis
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What characterizes the onset of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis?
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Slow
Can take months to years to detect |
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What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism?
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Fatigue
Slowed Speech Cold Intolerance Dry Skin Coarse Hair Puffy Face |
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What are the autoantibodies that are associated with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis?
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Antithyroglobulin
Antithyroid peroxidase Anti-TSH receptor Anti-iodine receptor |
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What are the histological characteristics of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis?
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Massive infiltrates of lymphocytes
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A disease resulting from an immune reaction produced by an individual's white blood cells or antibodies acting on the body's own tissues.
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Autoimmune disorder
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A disease where there is a production of antibodies in response to thyroid antigens and the replacement of normal thyroid structures with lymphocytes and lymphoid germinal centers.
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Hashimoto's Disease
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What is most often caused by parathyroid adenoma?
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Primary Hyperparathyroidism
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What disease can be caused by an iodine deficiency?
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Hypothyroidism (cretinism and myxedema)
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What is hyperthyroidism caused by diffuse toxic goiter?
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Graves Disease
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What is Anterior pituitary hyperfunction is usually due to what?
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Benign slow growing tumors
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What is the most common pituitary tumor _____
In women it results in amenorrhea and galactorrhea (inappropriate milk secretion) |
Prolactinoma w/ hyperprolactinemia
30% |
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What results with hypersecretion of growth hormone and is the second most common pituitary tumor?
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Somatotropic adenoma
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What occurs if Somatic adenoma develops before an epiphyseal closure?
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Gigantism
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What occurs if Somatic adenoma develops after an epiphyseal closure?
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Acromegaly
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General characteristics of this disease are gradual marked enlargement of the head, face, hands, feet, and chest. Excessive perspiration and an offensive body odor. Prognathism (mandible protrudes), enlarged tongue, and a deep voice.
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Acromegaly
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What tumor occurs with a hypersecretion of ACTH?
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Corticotropic Adenoma
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What are the diseases that are associated with Corticotropic adenoma?
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Cushing Disease
Cushing Syndrome |
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Disease referring to hypercorticism due to a corticotropic adenoma of the pituitary (most often a basophilic adenoma)
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Cushing Disease
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A disease referring to hypercorticism regardless of the cause. It is most often of the pituitary and less often of adrenal origin.
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Cushing Syndrome
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This deficiency results in pituitary dwarfism in children and may result in increased insulin sensitivity with hypglycemia, decreased muscle strength, and anemia in adults.
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Deficiency of growth hormone
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This deficiency is characterized by retarded sexual maturation in preadolescents and a loss of libido, impotence, loss of muscular mass, and decreased facial hair in men, and amenoorhea in women.
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Deficiency of Gonadotropins
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Type of hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in response to medications, infections, or illness. Medications associated with this include sulfonamides, penicillins, barbiturates, and phenytoin. Associated infections include herpes simplex and mycoplasma infections
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Erythema multiforme (EM)
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What is the cause of Erythema multiforme (EM)?
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Unknown
Poss. damage to blood v. of skin w/ subsequent damage to skin tissues |
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What are the common symptoms of Erythema multiforme (EM)?
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Skin lesions over dorsal hands and forearms with or w/out systemic symptoms
Target, bull's eye shape or iris |
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What form of Erythma multiforme (EM) has less severe systemic symptoms and extensive lesions that involve multiple body areas esp. the mucous membranes.
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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
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What form of Erythma multiforme (EM) involves multiple large blisters (bullae) that coalesce, followed by sloughing of all or most of the skin and mucous membranes.
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Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN Syndrome / Lyell's Syndrome)
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What is the classic shape of an Erythema Mulitforme (EM) lesion?
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Target, Bull's Eye, or Iris
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A disease where organisms are thought to enter through damaged skin and are transmitted through direct contact, thus it is a contagious disease.
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Impetigo
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What is the prevalence of impetigo?
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Common in pre-school children aged 2-5 during warm weather.
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Where does impetigo usually appear?
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On the face esp. around the nose and mouth
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What disease starts as a red sore that quickly ruptures, oozes for a few days and then forms a yellowish-brown crust that looks like honey or brown sugar.
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Impetigo
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What disease is caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci or coagulase-positive Staphylococcus Aureus?
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Impetigo
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What skin disease affects vesicles on the mucosa and has auto antibodies against intercellular junctions of keratinocytes
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Pemphigus
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What skin disease is like pemphigus but has larger bullae on the abdomen and groin
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Pemphigoid
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What skin disese may be viral in origin and herald patch - which spread along flexural lines
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Pityriasis
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What skin disease is large and causes a red nose?
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Rosacea
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What skin disease is characterized by hyperlipidemia, and foamy histiocytes?
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Xanthoma
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What skin disease is characterized by salmon patches, or stork bites which spontaneously regresses and strawberry hemangiomas which initially grow and then later regresses?
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Capillary Hemangioma
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What skin disease is characterized by Port-wine stain, is seen in Sturge-Weber syndrome and does not resolve spontaneously?
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Cavernous hemangiomas
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What skin disease is seen in neurofibromatosis or von Recklinghausen disease?
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Cafe-au-lait spots
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What skin disease is characterized by irregular depigmentation?
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Vitiligo
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Recurrent peptic ulcers or peptic ulcers in aberrant sites such as the jejunum is suggestive of what?
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Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
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A rare disorder that causes tumors in the pancreas and duodenum and ulcers in the stomach and duodenum.
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Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
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These circumscribed lesions in the mucosal membranecan develop in the lower esophagus, stomach, pylorus, duodenum, or jejunum.
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Peptic ulcers
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About _____ of all peptic ulcers are duodenal, and occur most commonly in men between the ages of _____.
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80%
20-50 |
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These type of ulcers affect the stomach mucosa, and are most common in middle aged and elderly men.
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Gastric Ulcers
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Ulcers which are caused by the repeated regurgitation of stomach acid (HCL) into the lower part of the esophagus.
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Esophageal Ulcers
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What are peptic ulcers always associated with?
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Hypersecretion of gastric acid and pepsin
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What type of infection is closely related to ulcerations?
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Helicobacter pylori infection
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What can peptic ulcers be associated with?
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Smoking
Use of Aspirin/NSAIDS Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Wermer Syndrome Primary Hyperparathyroidism |
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What is the most common complication of peptic ulcers?
Where is this most likely? |
Hemorrhage or bleeding into the GI tract
Duodenal Ulcers |
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Condition that is caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland in the brain, and is due to a lack of ADH which is produced in the posterior pituitary.
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Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
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What does Antidiuretic Hormone do?
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ADH promyes water retention through action on the renal collecting tubules.
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What are the general characteristics of Diabetes Insipidus (DI)?
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Polyuria, w/ dehydration and extreme thirst.
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What is Diabetes Insipidus NOT related to?
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Diabetes Mellitus
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What is a rare disorder in which kidneys' ability to respond to ADH is impaired by drugs like lithium and by chronic disorders including polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell disease, kidney failure, partial blockage of the ureters, and inherited genetic disorders.
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Nephrogenic insipidus
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A viral infection causing high temp., sore throat, generalized lymphdaenopathy, and often hepatosplenomegaly, and is caused by the epstein-barr virus, which has an affinity for _____ lymphocytes.
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Infectious Mononucleosis
B |
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What is the mode of transmission of infectious mononucleosis?
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Saliva
|
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What is the prevalence of infectious mononucleosis?
|
Most often 15-17 years old
Can occur any age Most diagnosed between 10-35 |
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What happens in mono hematologically?
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Relative lymphocytosis with atypical lymphocytes
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What are the serum antibodies which mark Infectious Mononucleosis?
|
Anti-EBV antibodies
Heterophil antibodies - Highly diagnostic occurs in 80% cases |
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What is the treatment for infectious mononucleosis?
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Spontaneous recovery 2-3 weeks
No antiviral therapy No EBV vaccine |
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Chronic reactive airway disorder that causes episodic airway obstruction, which usually results from _____, increased mucus secretion, mucosal edema producing the characteristic _____ sound.
|
Asthma
Bronchospasm Wheezing |
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What are the two types of Asthma?
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Allergic asthma (Most common)
Idiosyncratic asthma |
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In asthma a hypersensitive individual inhales a triggering substance (extrinsic allergens), abnormal antibodies stimulate _____ _____ in the lung interstitium to release both _____ and the _____ _____ _____.
|
Mast cells
Slow-reacting substance of Anaphylaxis (SRS-A) |
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What is safe to administer to people with asthma and is especially indicated for patients whose asthma is triggered by anxiety?
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Nitrous Oxide
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|
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What is the preferred treatment for an acute asthmatic attack?
|
Short-acting selective beta2-agonist
(terbutaline, albuterol) |
|
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A particularly severe episode of asthma, usually requiring hospitalization, that does not respond adequately to ordinary therapeutic measures.
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Status asthmaticus
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In Status asthmaticus; chronic partial airway obstruction may lead to what? From what?
|
Death
Respiratory Acidosis |
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|
An imbalance of metabolism caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone (T3-triiodothyronine and T4-thyroxine)
|
Hyperthyroidism
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|
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The excessive production of what hormone produces the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
|
T4-Thyroxine
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|
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What is the primary role of thyroxin?
|
Stimulate cellular metabolism
Growth Differentiation of all tissues |
|
|
What happens if an increased level of thyroxin is present early in life which involves the dentition?
|
Premature eruption of teeth
Loss of deciduous dentition |
|
|
What is the prevalence of Graves' disease?
|
Most common hyperthyroidism
More common in women 40-60 |
|
|
Thyroid specific autoimmune disorder in which the body makes antibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), leading to hyperthyroidism, or abnormally strong release of hormones from the thyroid gland.
|
Graves' Disease
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|
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The auto-antibodies produced by Graves' disease are not subject to _____ _____.
|
Negative Feedback; continually produced
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|
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What is a specific symptom of Graves disease?
|
Exophthalmos - Protruding eyeballs
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What disease arises from a long-standing simple goiter and occurs most often in the elderly. Its symptoms are those of hyperthyroidism bu the protruding eyeballs seen in graves' disease are not present.
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Plummer's Disease
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|
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What is the prevalence of Plummer's Disease?
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More common in females over 60
Never seen in children |
