Chapter 19- Ap2 - The Heart

Front 1

circulatory system includes:

cardiovascular system includes:

Back 1

heart, blood vessels, and blood

heart and blood vessels

Front 2

pulmonary circuit is on what side of the heart?

systemic circuit is on what side of the heart?

Back 2

right side (carries blood to the lungs for oxygen)

left side (supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues and organs)

Front 3

Where is the heart located?

Back 3

between the lungs in the mediastinum

Front 4

Base?

Apex?

Back 4

broad superior part of the heart

inferior end of the heart

Front 5

List the 5 layers of the heart

Back 5

1. Parietal pericardium (fibrous, serous)
2. Pericardial cavity
3. Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
4. Myocardium
5. Endocaridum

Front 6

Interatrial septum separates what?
Interventricular septum separates what?

Back 6

right/left atrium

right/left ventricle

Front 7

Where are the pectinate muscles located?

Back 7

the right atrium and both auricles

Front 8

Where is the trabeculae carneae?

Back 8

in both ventricles

Front 9

the mitral valve is also called the

Back 9

bicuspid valve

Front 10

What are the cords that hold the AV valves shut?

Back 10

chordae tendineae with the papillary muscles

Front 11

What valves let the blood in/out of the heart?

Back 11

Pulmonary and aortic semilunar valve

Front 12

What is coronary circulation?

Back 12

the blood vessels of the heart wall

Front 13

What do the LCA and RCA branch off of?

Back 13

branches off the ascending aorta

Front 14

____ is the sudden death of heart tissue from lack of blood

Back 14

myocardial infarction (MI)

Front 15

atheroma

Back 15

fatty deposits and blood clots

Front 16

arterial anastomoses

Back 16

when two blood vessels meet to provide an alternative route

Front 17

angina pectoris

Back 17

chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow

Front 18

List some characteristics of cardiocytes

Back 18

striated, short, thick, branched cells, one nucleus, intercalated disks

Front 19

electrical junctions (gap junctions)

Back 19

allows ions to flow between cells, can stimulate neighbors

Front 20

fibrosis

Back 20

repairs damaged cardiac muscles

Front 21

Sinoartrial node (SA)

Back 21

pacemaker of the heart, initiates each heart beat

Front 22

Atroventricular node (VA)

Back 22

located near the right AV valve, it is the electrical gateway to ventricles

Front 23

AV bundle

Back 23

pathways for signals from AV node

Front 24

Purkinje fibers

Back 24

spreads the electrical impulses to the myocardium

Front 25

Sympathetic nerves does what to the heart rate? and where does it come from?

Back 25

raises it; from the cardiac plexus through the cardiac nerves

Front 26

Parasympathetic nerves does what to the heart rate? and where does it come from?

Back 26

slows it; from the medulla oblongata, through the vagus nerve

Front 27

Systole is?
Diastole is?

Back 27

contraction
relaxation

Front 28

What is arrhythmia?

Back 28

abnormal cardiac rhythm

Front 29

What is sinus rhythm?

Back 29

normal heartbeat triggered by the SA node

Front 30

What is the nodal rhythm?

Back 30

if the SA node is damaged, the heart rate is set by AV node

Front 31

atrial flutter or fibrillation

Back 31

beating at 200-400x a minute

Front 32

premature ventricular contractions (PCVs) are caused by?

Back 32

stimulant, stress, or lack of sleep

Front 33

ventricuilar fibrillation

Back 33

serious arrhythmia caused by electrical signals; kills if not stopped quickly

Front 34

Depolarizing phase

Back 34

contraction; calcium channels open

Front 35

Repolarizing phase

Back 35

relaxation; potassium channels open

Front 36

What is a composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified, and recorded by electrodes on arms, legs, and chest

Back 36

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Front 37

What is the cardiac cycle consist of?

Back 37

one complete contraction and relaxation of all 4 chambers of the heart

Front 38

Quiescent period

Back 38

all four chambers are relaxed at the same time

Front 39

Auscultation

Back 39

listening to sounds made by the body

Front 40

S1
S2
S3

Back 40

closure of AV valves
semilunar valves
rarely heard in people

Front 41

1. ventricular filling
2. isovolmetric
3. ventricular ejection
4. isovolumetric relaxation

Back 41

are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle

Front 42

_____ is the result of either ventricle to eject blood effectively

Back 42

congestive heart failure (CHF)

Front 43

Left ventricular heart failure is what?
Right ventricular heart failure is what?

Back 43

blood backs up in the lungs causing pulmonary edema
blood backs up in the vena cava causing systemic edema

Front 44

cardiac output (CO) is what?

Back 44

the amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute

Front 45

cardiac reserve is what

Back 45

the difference between a persons maximum and resting cardiac output

Front 46

How is the heart rate measured?

Back 46

pulse

Front 47

Positive chronotropic agents
Negative chronotropic agents

Back 47

raise the HR
lower the HR

Front 48

What system modulates the rhythm of the heart beat?

Back 48

autonomic nervous system

Front 49

The cardioacceleratory center is in the ____ nervous system

Back 49

sympathetic nervous

Front 50

The cardioinhibitory center is in the ____ nervous system

Back 50

parasympathetic

Front 51

What do proprioceptors do?

Back 51

location awareness, inform cardiac center about changes in activity, HR increases before metabolic demands arise

Front 52

What do baroreceptors do?

Back 52

pressure sensors in the aorta and internal carotid arteries that send negative feedback signals to the cardiac center

Front 53

What do chemoreceptors do?

Back 53

negative feedback loops that are sensitive to blood, pH, CO2, and oxygen; located in the aortic arch, carotid arteries, and MO

Front 54

Increasing calcium or potassium will do what to the heart rate?

Back 54

increase HR

Front 55

Hyperkalemia?
Hypocalcemia?

Back 55

excess potassium
deficiency of calcium

Front 56

____ stimulates the heart
3 examples

Back 56

Drugs
1. caffeine
2. nicotine
3. thyroid horomone

Front 57

What 3 factors govern stoke volume?

Back 57

1. preload
2. contractility
3. afterload

Front 58

What does the Frank-starling law of the heart say?

Back 58

that stroke volume is proportional to the end diastolic volume, OR ventricles eject as much as they receive

Front 59

What is preload?

Back 59

the amount of tension in ventricular myocardium before it contracts

Front 60

What does contraction refer to?

Back 60

how hard the myocardium contracts for a given preload

Front 61

Positive inotropic agents

Back 61

increase contractility
(hypercalcemia, catecholamines, glucagon, and digitalis)

Front 62

Negative inotropic agents

Back 62

decrease contractility
(hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia)

Front 63

What is afterload?

Back 63

the pressure in arteries above semilunar valves; opposes the opening of valves

Front 64

What is hypertension?

Back 64

it increases afterload and opposes ventricular ejection

Front 65

What is cor pulmonale?

Back 65

right ventricular failure

Front 66

_____ is the constriction of the coronary arteries, due to _____

Back 66

coronary artery disease (CAD)
atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)

Front 67

Risk factors of CAD

Back 67

LDL, males, diet, exercise