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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antibodies belong to the class of plasma proteins called ____?
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gamma globulins
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Serum is blood plasma minus its ____?
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clotting proteins (fibrinogen)
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What condition is most likely to cause hemolytic anemia (RBC destruction)?
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mushrooms poisoning, snake spider venoms
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It is impossible for a type O+ baby to have a type ___mother.
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AB-
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Is agglutination a component for homeostasis?
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no
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Platelet plug formation, clot retraction, vascular spasms, and degranulation of platelets function for _______.
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homeostasis
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What contributes most to the viscosity of blood?
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erythrocytes
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Excess iron is stored in the liver as a complex called ____.
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ferritin
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Pernicious anemia is a result of _____.
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lack of intrinsic factor
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The first clotting factor that the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways have in common is ___.
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factor X
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Production of all the formed elements of the blood is called _____.
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hemopoiesis
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The percentage of blood volume composed of RBC's is called the _______.
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hemocrit
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The extrinsic pathway of the coagulation is activated by _____ from damaged perivascular tissues.
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thromboplastin
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The RBC antigens that determine transfusion compatibility are called ___.
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agglutinogens
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The hereditary lack of factor VIII causes a disease called __________.
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classical hemophilia
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The overall cessation of bleeding, involving several mechanisms, is called ______.
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hemostasis
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________ results from a mutation that changes one amino acid in the hemoglobin molecule.
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sickle cell disease
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An excessively high RBC count is called _______.
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polycythemia
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The intrinsic factor enables the small intestine to absorb ____.
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B12
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The kidney hormone _____ stimulates RBC production.
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erythropoietin
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By volume, does the blood usually contain more plasma or blood cells?
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plasma
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An increase of albumin concentration in the blood would tend to increase _____.
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blood pressure
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Can anemia be caused by low oxygen in the blood?
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no
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What WBCs are the most abundant?
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neutrophils
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Calcium ions are required for blood ____.
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clotting
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All formed elements of the blood come ultimately from _______.
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pluripotent stem cells
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When RBCs die & break down, the globin moiety of hemoglobin is excreted & the heme is ______.
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recycled to make new RBCs.
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What is Leukemia?
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a cancer of hemopoietic tissues that usually produces high numbers of circulating leukocytes & their precursors.
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What is an abnormally low count of leukocytes called?
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leukopenia
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What is Leukocytosis?
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a count above normal range of leukocytes
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What do erythrocytes & platelets lack that other formed blood cells have?
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a nucleus
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What is the prosthetic group of hemoglobin?
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the heme moiety of the 4 chains
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With all the extra blood cells in Leukemia blood smear, why isnt the body's infection fighting capability increased in Leukemia?
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because the WBC's are immature and incapable of performing their defensive roles.
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how does a blood clot differ from a platelet plug?
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a platelet plug lacks the fibrin mesh that a blood clot has
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What does the circulatory system consist of?
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blood heart and vessels
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what does the cardiovascular system consist of?
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heart and vessels
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what are the major transport functions of the circulatory system?
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O2, Co2, Nutrients, Wastes, Stem Cells, Hormones, Heat
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What are the protection functions?
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Inflammation, Leukocytes, & Antibodies
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What are the Fluid regulating functions?
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Platelets, stabilize Body Fluid distribution (blood capillaries- dehydration/swelling) & stabilize PH (homeostasis buffers (weak acid/base)
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What is blood viscosity?
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thickness syrup 2 times as thick as water
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How do platelets protect?
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secrete factors for blood clotting & other processes that minimize blood loss
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What are formed elements?
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cells and cell fragments: RBC WBC & platelets
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What are the Agranulocytes?
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Monocytes & Lymphocytes
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What are Granulocytes?
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Basophils, Neutrophils, Eosinophils
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What is blood plasma and how much of it is connective tissue?
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mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes (Na+), nitrogenous wastes (urea), & gases 55%
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What is buffy coat and how much of it is connective tissue?
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WBC and platelets 1%
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What is hemocrit and how much of it contributes to blood tissue?
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RBC's 45%
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What is low hemocrit a sign of?
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anemia. if hemocrit is down, iron is down, means you cant carry as much O2 to tissues
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What is hemotology?
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the study of blood
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What is Serum?
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plasma w/o clotting factors (fibrinogen)
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What is Serum useful for?
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diagnosing infections
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What is fibrinogen?
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clotting factor
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What are the major proteins of the blood plasma?
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Albumin 60%, Globulins 36%, & Fibrinogen 4%
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What are Albumins responsible for?
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collid osmotic pressure, blood viscosity, transport lipids, hormones, calcium, & other solutes, buffer blood pH
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What are Globulins?
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divided into 3 subclasses Alpha, Beta, & gamma. Alpha (prothrombin-promote blood clotting). Beta (transferrin- transports iron). Gamma (antibodies- combat pathogens)
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What is Fibrinogen?
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sticky protein that forms framework of blood clot
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What produces plasma proteins?
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liver (4g per hour)
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What is IG?
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antibody
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Where do gamma globulins come from?
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B lymphocytes- plasma cells- antibodies- gamma globulins
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What is osmolarity?
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total molarity of those particles that cannot pass through blood vessels wall- specific concentration (in order to nourish cells/ remove wastes)
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If the osmolarity of the blood is too high:
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blood stream absorbs too much H2o, raises blood volume, resulting in high BP & potentially dangerous strain on the heart & arteries
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If the osmolarity is too low:
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too much H2p remains in tissues, become edematous (swollen), resulting in dangerously low PB because of the amount of H2o lost from blood stream.
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The osmolarity of blood is a product mainly of:
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Na+, proteins, & RBC's
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What is collid osmotic pressure?
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the contribution of protein to blood osmotic pressure
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Describe RBC's form and function:
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disc shaped cell without a nucleus (immature has organelles but disintegrate when mature) 2 main functions: pick up O2 from lungs deliver to tissues & pick up Co2 from tissues & unload it to lungs
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How many O2 molecules can hemoglobin carry?
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4
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What does hemoglobin consist of?
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globins (2 alpha 2 beta), heme groups
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What are heme groups?
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part of hemoglobin that conjugate with each globin chain (alpha & beta) heme has ferrous iron & O2 binds to heme
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What is hemoglobin?
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protein in the blood
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The function of protein depends on _____.
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its shape. Hydrogen bonding determines shape of protein which determines function (20 amino acids)
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Where can hemoglobin be found?
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in RBC
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What is Hemopoiesis?
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production/development of blood (especially formed elements)
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All cells begin from _____
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pluripotent stem cells
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The tissues that produce blood cells are called ____.
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hemopoietic tissues
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The first hemopoietic tissues of the human embryo form in the _____
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yolk sac (a membrane assoc with all vertebrate embryos)
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Cell clusters called ______ form in yolk sac by the 3rd week of development
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blood islands
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Blood islands produce ______ that migrate into the embryo proper & colonize the bone marrow, liver, spleen, & thymus
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stem cells
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All formed elements trace their origins to a common type of bone marrow _______
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stem cell called pluripotent stem cell
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The liver stops producing blood cells at birth, the spleen stops producing RBC's soon after, but it continues to produce _____ for life
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lymphocytes
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blood formation in the red bone marrow & lymphatic organs is called _______ & ______
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myeloid & lymphoid hemopoiesis
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From infancy onward, ____ produces all formed elements, while lymphocytes are produced not only there but also ___ ____ _____ _____
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red bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes
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What are colony forming units?
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the first committed cell from the pluripotent stem cells
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What is the life span of a RBC and why?
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120 days- we use them up, the get old, then phagocytosis, or need to be replaced because of diseases
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women hemocrit is less than men because of _____
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menstrual cycle
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fetus come from _____
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stem cells
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what is totipotent?
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fertilized egg
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How are erythrocytes produced?
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pp stem cell-first committed cell (erythrocyte colony forming unit)- erythropoietin-reticulocyte- erythrocyte
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What is erythropoietin?
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protein in kidneys secreted to stimulate rbc production
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At what point does erythrocyte lose its nucleus?
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the reticulocyte stage (connecting stage) of formation
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when do rbc's need to be made quickly?
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when you have poison or an injury
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Where does myeloid hemopoiesis take place?
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bone marrow
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What is hypoexemia?
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low O2 in the blood
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What stimulates erythropoiesis?
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low O2 levels in blood, increase in exercise, emphysema (loss of lung tissue)
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What is biliverdin?
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a green pigment that macrophage converts heme to for beginning of disposal
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what is bilirubin?
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a yellow pigment that biliverdin is converted to for further disposal
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Where does bilirubin go after macrophages release it?
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binds to albumin in plasma- liver removes it & secretes it into the bile (dark green- gallbladder)-bacteria then convert it to urobilinogen (brown color feces) or urochrome (yellow urine)
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a high level of bilirubin in the blood causes ______.
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jaundice
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_______ may be a sign of liver disease, rapid hemolysis, bile duct destruction that interferes with bilirubin disposal, or high level of bilirubin
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jaundice
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hemoglobin is processed by _____.
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liver
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anemia (deficiency of rbc or hemoglobin) fall into 3 classes:
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inadequate erythropoiesis (not making enough rbc), hemorrhagic (blood loss), or hemolytic anemia (destruction of rbc)
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what causes hemorrhagic anemia?
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injury
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what causes hemolytic anemia (4)?
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poisoning, rbc destruction, bacteria infection, viruses
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what is an embolism?
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a piece of blood broken away, lethal in seconds
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what is hypoxemia?
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poor air quality- stimulates erythropoiesis
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what are symptoms of polycythemia?
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dehydration, hypoxemia
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what are the consequences of polycythemia?
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viscosity, bp, & volume go up, poor circulation, heart strain, chronic embolism, stroke, heart failure
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what are antigens?
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cell id marker on cell surface, generate immune response
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what are antibodies and where do they come from?
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proteins in the blood secreted from plasma cells for protection from foreign cells
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agglutination of rbc block ____ & then _____
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blood vessels, hemolyze (burst) & kidneys shut down
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hemolytic disease of newborn is :
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when the mothers antibodies attack fetal blood
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what are the consequences of hemolytic disease of newborn?
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severe anemia and toxic brain syndrome, lethal
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what are macrophages?
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pac men search and destroy
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what is leukocytosis?
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high wbc count
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what is myeloid leukemia?
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high granulocyte production
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what is lymphoid leukemia?
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high lymphocyte/ monocyte
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what is acute wbc disorder?
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suddenly rapid death
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what is wbc chronic disorder mean?
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may be undetected for many months
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blood normally flows into a capillary bed from _____
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a metarteriole
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Plasma solutes enter the tissue fluid most easily from _____
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fenestrated capillaries
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A blood vessel adapted to withstand a high pulse pressure would be expected to have _______
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an elastic tunica media
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The substance most likely to cause a rapid drop in BP is _______
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histamine
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A person with systolic pressure of 130mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 85mm Hg would have a mean arteriole pressure of _____
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100mm Hg
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The velocity of blood flow decreases if _____
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viscosity increases
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Blood flows faster in a venule than in a capillary because venules ______
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have larger diameters
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In a case where interstitial hydrostatic pressure is negative, the only force causing capillaries to reabsorb fluid is ______
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collid osmotic pressure of the blood
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Intestinal blood flows to the liver by way of ______
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the hepatic portal system
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Does the brain receive blood from arteries or veins?
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arteries
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The highest arterial blood pressure attained during ventricular contraction is called _____.
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systolic pressure
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the lowest arterial blood pressure attained during ventricular relaxation is called ______.
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diastolic pressure
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The capillaries of the skeletal muscles are of the structural type called _______
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continuous capillaries
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_______ shock occurs as a result of exposure to an antigen to which one is hypersensitive.
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Anaphylactic
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The role of breathing in venous return is called the _____
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thoracic pump
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The difference between the collid osmotic pressure of the blood and that of the tissue fluid is called _______
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oncotic pressure
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Movement across the capillary of the endothelium by the uptake and release of fluid droplets is called _____
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trancytosis
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All efferent fibers of the vasomotor center belong to the ______ division of the ANS
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sympathetic
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The pressure sensors near the major arteries near the head are called _____
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baroreceptors
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Most of the blood supply to the brain comes from a ring of arterial anastomoses called _______
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arterial circle
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What is the bodys longest blood vessel?
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great saphenous vein
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Why are elastic laminae found in the arterioles but not in the veins?
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veins are subject to less pressure than arteries and have less need for elasticity
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list the arteries, in order, that an erythrocyte must travel to get from the L ventricle to the skin of the L side of the forehead
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Aorta- L carotid- External caroltid- superficial temporal
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Which artery supplies the systemic blood to the lungs?
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the bronchial artery
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what arteries of the wrist and hand are most comparable to the arcuate artery & planter arch of the foot?
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the deep & superficial palmar arches
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Name 3 veins that are often visible to the skin of the upper limb
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cephalic, basilic, & median cubital veins
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