Chapter 23- Ap2 - Urinary System

Front 1

List six organs of the urinary system

Back 1

2 kidneys
2 urters
urinary bladder
urethra

Front 2

The urinary system and reproductive system are collectively called the ___ system

Back 2

urogenital system (UG)

Front 3

Retroperitneal means? such as?

Back 3

that the organ lies behind the abdominal peritoneal
the kidneys, urters, urinary bladder, renal artery, etc

Front 4

What is the function of the kidney?

Back 4

filters the blood plasma, eliminates waste, and returns useful substances to the blood

Front 5

The kidney regulates blood volume and pressure by ___
And regulates osmolarity of body fluids by ___

Back 5

by eliminating or conserving water

by controlling the relative amounts of water and solutes eliminated

Front 6

What does the kidney secrete?

Back 6

renin; which activates hormonal mechanisms that control bp and electrolyte balance
erythropoietin; which makes the red blood cells

Front 7

The kidney plays a role in the final step of synthesizing the hormone __

Back 7

calitriol; which contributes to calcium homeostasis

Front 8

Waste?
Metabolic waste?

Back 8

any substance that is useless to the body

substance produced by the body

Front 9

What are the 5 steps of urea formation?

Back 9

1. proteins
2. amino acids
3. NH2 removed
4. forms ammonia
5. liver converts it to urea

Front 10

The kidney secretes __; about 50% urea

Back 10

nitrogenous waste

Front 11

__ is the expression of the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood

Back 11

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Front 12

azotemia?
uremia?

Back 12

1. increases BUN, indicates nitrogenous wastes in blood
2. syndrome of diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, and cardiac arrhythmia due to toxicity of nitrogenous waste

Front 13

__ is the separation of wastes from body fluids and eliminating them
4 system that carry this out?

Back 13

excretion

respiratory sys, integumentary sys, digestive sys, urinary sys

Front 14

Hilum of the kidney?
Lateral surface is shaped?
Medial surface is shaped?

Back 14

slit that is an entrance way to the kidney
convex
concave

Front 15

List three protective connective tissues that cover the kidney

Back 15

1. renal fascia- binds to abdominal wall
2. perirenal fat capsule- cushions the kidney
3. fibrous capsule- encloses kidney like cellophane wrap

Front 16

__ is the ball of capillaries in the kidney; receives blood and filters it

Back 16

glomerulus

Front 17

__ is the glandular tissue that contains the nephrons

Back 17

renal parenchyma

Front 18

2 zones of the renal parenchyma

Back 18

outer renal cortex
inner renal medulla

Front 19

__ are the extensions of the cortex that project inward toward the sinus
__ are triangular shaped; tip is called the renal papilla

Back 19

the renal columns

the renal pyramids

Front 20

List the order of the kidney features

Back 20

one pyramid and its papilla (in lobes of kidney) --> minor calyx (cups the papilla and collects urine) --> forms the major calyces --> forms the renal pelvis --> forms the ureter

Front 21

Two main parts of the nephrons

Back 21

1. renal corpuscle - filters the blood plasma
2. renal tubule- converts the filtrate to urine

Front 22

__ are short nephron loops
__ are very, long nephron loops

Back 22

cortical nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons

Front 23

Opposite sides of the renal corpuscle are called the __ and __

Back 23

vascular- where the afferent arteriole enters the capsule, brining blood to the gomerulus

urinary poles- where the parietal wall of the capsule turns away from the corpuscle and gives rise to the renal tubule

Front 24

__ is a duct that leads away from the golmerular capsule and ends at the tip of the medullary pyramid

Back 24

renal (uriniferous) tubule

Front 25

What are the 4 regions of the renal tubule?

Back 25

1. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2. nephron loop
3. distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
4. collecting duct

Front 26

PCT?
nephron loop?

Back 26

1. longest, most coiled, simple cuboidal with brush border
2. U shaped; descending and ascending limbs; thick cubodial and thin squamous

Front 27

3. DCT
4. collecting duct

Back 27

3. End of the nephron, no collecting duct; cuboidal, minimal microvilli
4. Recieves fluid from the DCT’s of several nerphrons as it passes back into the medulla

Front 28

What is the flow of the glomerular filtrate?

Back 28

glomerular capsule, PCT, nephron loop, DCT, collecting duct, papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

Front 29

What is the purpose of the sympathetic innervation in the kidney? parasympathetic?

Back 29

1. to reduce glomerular blood flow and the rate of urine production; tells kidney to secrete renin
2. from the vagus nerve, function is unknown

Front 30

What are the 4 stages that the kidney converts blood plasma to urine?

Back 30

1. Glmoerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion
4. Water conservation

Front 31

Fluid in the capsular space is called __
in the convoluted tubule is called __
in the collecting duct is called __

Back 31

glomerular filtrate
tubular fluid
urine

Front 32

__ is the process in which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the capillaries of the glomerulus into the capsular space of the nephrons

Back 32

glomerular filtration

Front 33

Fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and filtration slits are the 3 __

Back 33

barriers that act as a filtration membrane

Front 34

Proteinurea?
Hematuria?

Back 34

protein in the urine
presence of blood in the urine

Front 35

net filtration pressure (NFP)?
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Back 35

1.comparison of inward and outward pressure
2. filtrate formed per minute

Front 36

If the GFR is too high, what happens?
If the GFR is too low, what happens?

Back 36

1. Flow of tubular fluid increases and more NaCl is reabsorbed
stimulates JG cells
2. Fluid flows sluggishly through the tubules, they reabsorb waste that should be eliminated

Front 37

3 homeostatic mechanisims that change glomerular bp?

Back 37

1) Renal autoregulation
2) sympathetic control
3) hormonal control

Front 38

Renin is secreted when?
Angiotensin turns into?

Back 38

when the BP drops dramatically and converts angiotensis into I

turns I into II

Front 39

__ is the ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without external (nervous or hormonal) control

Back 39

renal autoregulation

Front 40

What is the region found at the end of the nephron loop?

Back 40

juxtaglomerular

Front 41

What nerves innervate the renal blood vessels?

__ and __ constrict the afferent arterioles

Back 41

sympathetic nerves

the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal epinephrine

Front 42

Proximal convoluted tubules do what?

Back 42

absorb 65% of the glomeruar filtrate

Front 43

When is the transport maximum reached?

Back 43

when transport proteins of cell membrane are saturated

Front 44

Glucose and sodium are cotransported by __

While urea is absorbed with __

Back 44

sodium-glucose transport proteins

water

Front 45

The kidneys reduce __ of glomerular filtrate to __ ruine each day
How much is reabsorbed?

Back 45

180 L
1 or 2 L

2/3 is reabsorbed

Front 46

__ is they key to tubular reabsorption

Back 46

sodium reabsorption; creates an osmotic and electrical gradient that drives the reabsoption of water and other solutes

Front 47

__ is the process in which renal tubule extracts chemicals from capillary blood and secretes them into tubular fluid

Back 47

tubular secretion

Front 48

Waste removal?

Back 48

clears pollutants, morphine, penicillin, aspirin, and other drugs

Front 49

Acid-base balance?

Back 49

secretion of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions regulates pH of body fluids

Front 50

What is the primary function of the nephron loop?

Back 50

to generate salinity gradient that enables collecting duct to concentrate the urine and conserve water

Front 51

__ acts on thick segments of nephron loop; secretes K+ and urine is reduced

Back 51

aldosterone (salt retaining hormone)

Front 52

__ is secreted by atrial myocardium of the heart; what is the effect of it?

Back 52

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

increases BP, urine volume, and decreases blood volume

Front 53

__ is secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary gland in response to dehydration and rising blood osmolarity; stops urination; what is the effect of it?

Back 53

antidiuretic horomone (ADH)

decreases urine volume; increases water reabsoption

Front 54

__ is secreted from parathyroid glands in response to calcium deficiency (hypocalcemia)

Back 54

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 55

The __ reabsorbs 25% of the filtrate
The __ reabsorbs 65% of the glimerular filtrate and returns it to the blood

Back 55

nephron loop

PCT

Front 56

Hypodiaresis?
What does it produce?

Back 56

due to drinking large volumes of water
hypotonic urine
hypertonic urine

Front 57

the __ continually recaptures salt and returns it to the deep medullary tissue

Back 57

countercurrent multiplier

Multiplier: it multiplies the osmolarity deep in the medulla
Countercurrent: it is based on fluid flowing in opposite directions in two adjacent tubules

Front 58

The descending limb reabsorbs __
The ascending limb reabsorbs __

Back 58

water but not salt

Na+, K+, and Cl-

Front 59

The countercurrent exchange system is formed by __ and flows in opposite directions

Back 59

vasa recta

Front 60

Urinalysis?
Normal appearance?

Back 60

examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine
colorless, to deep amber, yellow due to urochrome

Front 61

Pyuria?
Hematuria?

Back 61

pus in the urine
blood in the urine

Front 62

Odor, specific gravity, osmolarity, pH, and chemical composition are properties of ___

Back 62

urine

Front 63

It is normal to find what in urine?

It is abnormal to find what in urine?

Back 63

urea, NaCl, KCl, creatinine, uric acid

glucose, hemoglobin, albumin, ketones, bile pigments

Front 64

What is the normal volume to urinate?

Back 64

1 to 2 L/day

Front 65

Polyuria?
Oliguria?
Anuria?

Back 65

greater than 2 L of urine a day
less than 500 mL of urine a day
no urine, less than 400 mL

Front 66

__ is any metabolic disorder resulting in chronic plyuria

Back 66

diabetes

Front 67

How many types of diabetes are there?

Back 67

4

Diabetes mellitus type I, type II , gestational diabetes, and diabtestes insipidus (results from ADH hyposecretion)

Front 68

Diuretics?

Back 68

any chemical that increases urine volume

Front 69

__ is the volume of plasma from which a particular waste is cleared in 1 minute
formula?

Back 69

renal clearance (C)

C= UV/P

Front 70

glomerular filtration rate (GFR) formula?

Back 70

GFR = UV/P

Front 71

What are the 3 layers of the ureters?

Back 71

1. adventitia – connective tissue layer that binds to the surrounding tissue
2. muscularis - 2 layers of smooth muscle, urine enters
mucosa - transitional epithelium, extends into the bladder

Front 72

__ is the muscular sac located on floor of the pelvic cavity; inferior to peritoneum and posterior to pubic symphysis

Back 72

urinary bladder

Front 73

What are the 3 layers of the urinary bladder?

Back 73

1. parietal peritoneum, superiorly; fibrous adventitia rest
2. muscularis: detrusor muscle, 3 layers of smooth muscle
3. mucosa: transitional epithelium

Front 74

Trigone?

Back 74

openings of ureters and urethra, triangular

Front 75

Renal calculus are calcium phosphate granules also called __
Caused by?

Back 75

kidney stones

hypercalcemia, dehydration, pH imbalance, frequent UTIs, or enlargened prostate gland causing urine retention

Front 76

Hemodialysis?

Back 76

cleans the blood

Front 77

__ is a state in which the kidneys cannot maintain homeostasis due to extensive destruction of their nephrons

Back 77

renal insuffieiency

Front 78

Micturition?

Back 78

the act of urinating

Front 79

What are the muscles that expel urine?

Back 79

detrusor muscle and internal urethral sphincter

Front 80

Cystitis?
Pyelitis?
Pyelonephritis?

Back 80

infection of the urinary bladder
infection of the renal pelvis
inflection that reaches the cortex and the nephrons