Ap2 Chapter 25 Digestive System

Front 1

Three Salivary Glands

Back 1

Parotid
Submandibular (submaxillary)
Sublingual

Front 2

Digestion in the mouth

Bolus is broken down by:

Back 2

Salivary amylase (for carbs)
Lingual Lipase (for tryglycerides)
- diff than pancreatic lipase

Front 3

Deglutination (swallowing)

Back 3

Voluntary Stage (initiation)
Pharyngeal Stage (involuntary)
Esophageal Stage (involuntary)
** 1st stage ALWAYS voluntary

Front 4

Esophagus

muscle components

Back 4

upper 1/3 skeletal muscle

lower 2/3 smooth muscle

Front 5

Stomach

Anatomy (4)

Back 5

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

Front 6

3 phases of stimulation of gastric secretions

Back 6

Cephalic (reflex)-peristalsis is stimulated
Gastric- " " "
Intestinal-motility is inhibited

Front 7

Stomach Absorptions

Back 7

Impermeable to most substances EXCEPT:
- water; -certain electolytes,
- drugs (aspirin); - alcohol

Front 8

What stimulates stomach Motility?
(2)

Back 8

1. parasympathetic activity
2. local distention

Front 9

What inhibits stomach motility?
(2)

Back 9

1. Low pH of stomach contents inhibit release of gastrin.
2. Feedback from duodenal overload.

Front 10

Pancreas

Islets of Langerhaus

Back 10

secrete hormones

Front 11

Pancreatic Juice contains enzymes (4)

that break down 1. protein, 2. Carbohydrates, 3. Fat

Back 11

1. Pancreatic Amylase
2. Chymotrypsin & carboxypeptidase
3. Pancreatic lipase
4. Ribonuclease & deoxyribonuclease

Front 12

What do ea of the following Pancreatic Juices break down?
1. Pancreatic amylase; 2. Chymotrypsin & carboxypeptidase; 2. Pancreatic Lipase;

Back 12

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Fat

Front 13

What causes the pancreas to release the pancreatic juices? (amylases, lipase's, proteases)?

Back 13

CCK, released from the duodenum, in response to partially digested materials

Front 14

What causes the pancreas to release fluid high in HCO3?

Back 14

SECRETIN, released from the duodenum, in response to acid entering from the stomach

Front 15

Liver Anatomy
(3)

Back 15

1. Rt & Lt. Lobes
2. Caudate and quadrate Lobes
3. Falciform Ligament

Front 16

Types of Liver Cells and Function (2)

Back 16

1. Hepatocytes-produce bile
2. Kupffer's cells-hapatic macrophages

Front 17

What is stored in gallbladder and used to emulsify dietary lipids?

Back 17

bile

Front 18

Functions of liver:

Back 18

1. synthesis of bile salts*
2. storage of vitamins*
3. activation of Vit D*
4. CHO, Prot & lIpid metabolism
5. Removal of drugs & hormones
6. Excretion of bilirubin

Front 19

Gallbladder Functions (2)

Back 19

1. Stores & concentrates bile.
2. CCK stimulates ejection of bile from gallbladder.

Front 20

Bile funtionality

Back 20

cholesterol synthesizes bile acids, wh then are conjugated into bile salts which concentrate and form MICELLES

Front 21

MICELLE

Back 21

Formed from concentrated bile salts. These are water soluble spheres with a lipid soluble interior.

Front 22

Function of Micelle

Back 22

they provide a vehicle to transport lipid soluble materials in the aqueous medium of the bile fluid and the sm intestine

Front 23

Micelle Function

Back 23

vital in digestion, transport & the absorption of lipid soluble substances from the duodenum to the distal ileum

Front 24

What happens to bile salts in the DISTAL ILEUM?

Back 24

They are actively reabsorbed and recycled

Front 25

What is insoluble in water but solubilized by bile salt micelles?

Back 25

Phospholipids

Front 26

Small Intestine is made up of: (3)


and extends from:

Back 26

1. duodenum
2. jejunem
3. Ileum
*pyloric sphincter to ileocecal sphincter

Front 27

Physiology of digestion in the SI

Back 27

CHO->maltose->glucose
Sucrose->glucose+fructose
Lactose->glucose+galactose

Front 28

Physiology of Absorption in the SI

Back 28

Read in notes on p. 17

Front 29

Tryglycerides break into

Back 29

monoglycerides and FA's , req'd for absorption

Front 30

Triglyceride breakdown

Back 30

<-pancreatic lipases
Triglyceride <- bile Micelles
v
2 monoglycerides and FA;s

Front 31

CHO Digestion

Back 31

Salivary amylase begins process of breakdown, pancreatic amylase continues process in SI mostly in duodenum. Monosaccharide end products: glucos, galactose and fructos are absorbed in SI.

Front 32

Proteins

Back 32

Pepsin begins the digestion of proteins in the stomach. In the SI, digestion contiues w/ the pancreatic proteases wh are req'd enzymes. End product is AA's & very small peptides

Front 33

SECRETIN

Back 33

released in duodenum, due to acid in the duodenum. Causes Pancreas to secrete HCO3 to neutralize the acid.

Front 34

CCK

Back 34

1. released in duodenum, DUE TO Fat in duod.
2.causes stomach secretion of pepsinogen from Chief Cells
3.Causes pancreatic enzyme secretions (amylase, lipases and proteases.
4. causes bile to be ejected from gall bladder.

Front 35

Digestive product of fats taken up by the MICELLES in the intestinal lumen

Back 35

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

A,D,E, AND K

Front 36

Anatomy of Large Intestine

Back 36

Extends from the ileocecal sphincter to the anus.
Subdivisions are the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal.

Front 37

Absorption & Feces Formation in the LI

Back 37

The LI absorbs water, electrolytes, and vitamins. Feces consist of water, inorganic salts, epithelial cells, bacteria and undigested foods

Front 38

Functions in ileum

Back 38

Its function is mainly to absorb IF, vitamin B12 and bile salts

Front 39

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances of Digestive System

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

Back 39

ulcers that dev in areas of GI expose to gastric juce; most in pylorus or first part of duodeum (duod. ulcers). Less occur in stomach (gastric ulcers)

Front 40

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances of Digestive System

CIRRHOSIS

Back 40

Distorted or scarred liver. Result of chronic inflammation

Front 41

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances of Digestive System

HEPATITIS

Back 41

inflammation of liver caused by viruses, drugs and chemicals, including alcohol.

Front 42

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances of Digestive System

GALLSTONES

Back 42

biliary calculy; stem from fusion of crystals of CHOLESTEROL in BILE.

Front 43

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances of Digestive System

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

Back 43

self-induced weight loss;
neg perception of body image

Front 44

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances of Digestive System

BULEMIA

Back 44

typically affects single, middle-class, young, white females

Front 45

Hep. A (HAV)

Back 45

-"Infectious" HAV
-Piconarvirus, naked, capsid RNA
-Fecal Oral Transmission

Front 46

Hep B (HBV)

Back 46

-"Serum" HBV
-Hepadnavirus, Enveloped DNA

Front 47

Hep C (HCV)

Back 47

-"Post transfusion Non A Non B"
-High Carrier State/Chronicity

Front 48

Hep D (HDV)

Back 48

-"Delta"
-Severity: CO-INFECTION w. HBV

Front 49

Hep E (HEV)

Back 49

-"Enteric"
-Fecal Oral Tranmission
-Mortality 20% in pregnant patients

Front 50

Fecal-Oral Hepatitis

Back 50

HAV, HEV

Front 51

Prental, sexual transmited Hepatitis

Back 51

HBV, HCV, HDV, HGV